Student Handbook University of Luxembourg Essay Example for Free

Student Handbook University of Luxembourg Essay Welcome to the Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance of the University of Luxembourg. Dear Student, I should like to take this opportunity to welcome you to the University of Luxembourg’s Master degree course in Accounting and Audit. You have made an excellent choice! The academic Master programme in Accounting and Audit has been developed for you in partnership with leading academics and practitioners. The academic programme offers scientifically based in-depth knowledge of all specialist areas that are relevant to accounting and auditing practice, without neglecting the practical relevance of teaching content or the preparation of candidates for the job market. Students completing the degree course acquire the expertise to solve practical problems on a scientifically sound basis. Candidates aiming to obtain the professional qualification of reviseur d’entreprises will have completed the theoretical stage of their training on a high academic level when they graduate. This Master’s programme offers great advantages in terms of subsequently starting a professional or academic career, mainly because many relevant companies and important organisations are based in Luxembourg. This handbook is designed as a reference document for Master of Accounting and Audit students. It gives you general information about the programme and procedures and points you to other places for further information and advice. Use the handbook as the initial source of information and guidance. I do hope you will have an enjoyable and rewarding time and wish you the very best for your future studies. Yours faithfully, Dr Anke Mu? ig Associate Professor of Audit Academic Director Contents A. Study rules .. 1 A. 1 A. 2 Area of applicability . 1 Programme overview . 1 A. 2. 1 Aim of the programme . 1 A. 2. 2 Structure of the programme .. 3 A. 2. 3 Modules of the programme 4 A. 2. 4 Path to the reviseur d’entreprises 7 A. 3 Mobility 8 A. 3. 1 General information.. 8 A. 3. 2 Erasmus .. 9 A. 3. 3 Global exchange programme . 10 A. 3. 4 Luxembourg grading system and international correspondences .. 11 A. 4 Charter of rights and duties of students . 11 A. 4. 1 Attendance/punctuality/class behaviour.. 11 A. 4. 2 Student evaluation of courses 12 A. 4. 3 Students’ rights 13 A. 4. 4 Students’ duties .. 14 A. 4. 5 Treatment of fraud .. .. 15 B. Examination rules. 16 B. 1. Preface . 16 B. 2 B. 3 B. 4 B. 5 B. 6 B. 7 B. 8 B. 9 Nature of examinations 16 Admission and examination committee . 20 Admission to examinations 21 Grading of examination performance . 21 Fraud or attempted fraud 24 Absence from an examination .. 25 Re-examination . 26 Replacement examination . 26 B. 10 Master thesis .. 26 I B. 11 Academic degree .. 27 B. 12 Appeals procedure .. . 27 C. Study guide .. 28 C. 1 Communication . 28 C. 1. 1 Communication with members of the Faculty 28 C. 1. 2 Communication with academic staff . 29 C. 1. 3 Moodle: the e-learning platform . 29 C. 2 General information about studying at the University of Luxembourg . 31 C. 2. 1 Academic calendar 2012/2013 .. 31 C. 2. 2 Class representative and Luxembourg University Student Organisation (LUS) . 32 C. 2. 3 Administrative steps regarding the diploma .. 32 C. 2. 4 Other useful information .. 33 C. 3 Rules and advice on seminar papers and other examinations.. 34 C. 3. 1 General information .. 34 A. 3. 2 The oral presentation of your paper . 35 C. 3. 3 Your written paper.. 35 C. 3. 4 Non-plagiarism statement 37 C. 3. 5 Possibilities for conducting research . 37 C. 4 The Master thesis . 40 C. 4. 1 Research .. 40 C. 4. 2 The proposal 40 C. 4. 3 The role of the supervisor 44 C. 4. 4 Student responsibilities. 45 C. 4. 5 Structure of the thesis .. 46 C. 4. 6 Format 51 C. 4. 7 Submission .. 52 C. 4. 8 FAQ 52 E. APPENDIX . 55 E. 1 E. 2 Admission requirements . 55 Referencing with the Harvard method 56 II Master in Accounting and Audit A. Study rules A. 1 Area of applicability. This document defines the aims, content and structure of the Master in Accounting and Audit programme at the University of Luxembourg as well as the code of conduct for participants. The syllabus design and teaching for this programme are based on these study regulations. They provide the basis on which students plan their course of studies. They also complement the Examination Rules for the programme. A. 2 A. 2. 1 Programme overview Aim of the programme With the Master degree course in Accounting and Audit, the University of Luxembourg will assume the leading role in academic education in the field of accounting and audit. The degree course facilitates access for graduates to demanding roles in the corporate sector, in particular auditing, as well as an academic career. Accordingly, the degree course is committed to providing international training of outstanding academic quality, which is relevant to practice and academic research. The Master degree course in Accounting and Audit sets itself apart from the many degree and other training courses offered in the market by academies, technical universities and professional accounting associations, which are primarily geared to providing practice-based training for accountants and auditors. The current intense debate surrounding the training of accountants and auditors, which is being conducted at European and national level in the wake of the financial crisis and the associated failure also of accountants and auditors, categorically highlights the shortfalls of any training that at the theoretical study stage for accountants and auditors focuses exclusively on conveying practical knowledge. The Accounting and Audit degree course responds to this debate and offers scientifically based in-depth knowledge of all specialist areas that are relevant to accounting and auditing practice, without neglecting the practical relevance of teaching content or the preparation of candidates for the job market. The Accounting and Audit Master degree course in Luxembourg offers advantages in terms of subsequently starting an academic or professional career, mainly because many relevant companies and important organisations are based in Luxembourg. The University of Luxembourg has international links and closely cooperates with other universities in respect of this particular degree course (e. g. with the 1 Master in Accounting and Audit member universities of the Association des Formations Europeenes a la Comptabilite et a l’Audit (AFECA), i. e. the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland), Leopold Franzens University in Innsbruck (Austria) and Friedrich Alexander University in Erlangen-Nuremberg (Germany)). This offers graduates direct opportunities for an international research career. Leading international accounting, auditing and tax firms such as Deloitte, Ernst Young, KPMG and PricewaterhouseCoopers maintain key branches in Luxembourg. As part of the course, students also work with the European Court of Auditors. This is a specific benefit relating to the location and provides students with unique opportunities during their studies and in career terms: on the Accounting and Audit degree course at the University of Luxembourg, scientific and applied training do not therefore conflict, but complement each other. The degree course is aimed at the following students: †¢ The course attaches particular importance to research-based education. The course therefore provides optimum preparation for a subsequent doctorate in accounting and auditing. †¢ The course targets students who wish to specialise in the field of accounting and audit and aim for a career in finance or accounting or the financial management of companies after completing the course. †¢ The Accounting and Audit Master degree course is aimed at students who wish to obtain the professional qualification of reviseur d’entreprises. The course offers optimum preparation for this professional qualification, as the teaching content required by the legislator for the theoretical part of the training is comprehensively implemented. In addition, courses of the formation complementaire des reviseurs d’entreprises are integrated in the Master degree course. As a result, the course provides the most efficient access for achieving the professional qualification of reviseur d’entreprises. At the same time, attendance of the courses relating to the formation complementaire des reviseurs d’entreprises promotes networking by students with auditing professionals. †¢ The programme is also aimed at students who wish to become auditors in another EU member state. It provides optimum preparation for the professional aptitude test (often also referred to as â€Å"audit exam†) in the relevant EU member state. All specialist subjects are taught which are tested in the professional aptitude test under EU Directive 2006/43/EC. 2. Master in Accounting and Audit A. 2. 2 Structure of the programme The Accounting and Audit Master degree course is geared to comprehensively implement all legal provisions in terms of the content, scope of training and minimum ECTS units. As part of the studies, courses must be taken in the core specialist subjects of accounting and audit and in the supplementary specialist subjects. The core and supplementary subjects comprise a total of 109 topics. For a detailed module and course description, see the Module and Course Catalogue. In addition to the obligatory modules, students have the choice between three different elective tracks. Each track consists of 11 ECTS units and one must be chosen in the first semester of the programme: †¢ TRACK 1: additional specialist subject of Luxembourg legislation: This elective track is the module â€Å"ASS Additional Specialist Subject of Luxembourg Legislation†, which in turn consists of six courses. These courses are offered as part of the formation complementaire des reviseurs d’entreprises. 3 Master in Accounting and Audit †¢. TRACK 2: contextual studies: The purpose of this specific concept is to impart an innovative competence profile, which is to qualify students for demanding management and subsequent leadership positions in companies or the academic sector. TRACK 2 consists of three modules: Management Skills, Reflection Skills and Intercultural Skills. Each module consists of one or more courses. Different courses will be offered every semester. TRACK 2 is organised in close cooperation with the Chambre de Commerce du Luxembourg to guarantee a strong practical orientation and high standard of the courses. In addition to the official diploma from the University, students who successfully complete one or several courses will receive a certificate from the Chambre de Commerce and the University of Luxembourg with a detailed list of the courses attended. †¢ TRACK 3: Internship: Students will be given the opportunity to gain practical experience during an internship in an audit or accounting firm. The internship must last at least 8 weeks. The students must critically evaluate the knowledge they have gained in a presentation and examination session with the director of studies at the end of the internship. A. 2. 3 Modules of the programme. The standard period of study on the Master’s programme in Accounting and Audit comprises four semesters and 120 European Credit Transfer System points (ECTS). The programme leading to the award of the Master’s degree is organised in modules composed of a certain number of ECTS credits. Each course has at least one ECTS credit. A credit corresponds to the â€Å"provision of studies† requiring between 25 and 30 hours of work. Each module has a maximum of 30 credits and is composed of one or more constituent units, referred to as courses. A semester typically equates to a workload of 30 ECTS units, totalling 60 ECTS units per year. The curriculum is pre-defined, and the courses you will follow result from the schedule. There is one fundamental rule concerning the acquisition of ECTS points: in order to receive the ECTS points students must successfully pass the specific module, i. e. ECTS units are only given per (successful) module. Students can compensate for courses that they have failed within one module (if they have achieved sufficient points in other parts of that module), so it is important to be aware of what constitutes a module. 4 Master in Accounting and Audit Modules and courses of the programme: Module: Introduction to Accounting AFECA Intensive Programme Introduction to Financial Accounting and Bookkeeping Introduction to International Financial Reporting Selected Topics in Accounting Module: Introduction to Audit Risk Management Internal Control Module: Introduction to Law Introduction to Company Law Corporate Governance Civil Law and Commercial Law Module: Statistics Statistics Module: Intermediate Accounting Contemporary Issues in Financial Reporting and Audit Research Group Accounting Accounting for Financial Institutions and the Fund Industry Managerial Accounting Module: Intermediate Audit Auditing and Professional Skills International Standards on Auditing Module: Advanced Company Law Advanced Company Law Module: Corporate Finance Corporate Finance Module: Applied Econometrics Applied Econometrics Module: Advanced Accounting Empirical Research in Accounting and Audit Financial Analysis IFRS Based Managerial Accounting Module: Audit Simulation Audit Simulation 3 3 6 3 3 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 4 ECTS 6 2 3 3 Mandatory modules 5 Master in Accounting and Audit Module: Conversion and Insolvency Law Conversion and Insolvency Law Module: Research Computing Research Computing Module: IT and Computer Systems Financial Application Software Accounting Information Systems Module: General Business Studies and Business Ethics General Business Studies and Business Ethics Module: General Economics General Economics Module: Additional Specialist Subject of Luxembourg Legislation Droit du travail et de la securite sociale Droit des assurances Comptabilite bancaire  Legislation bancaire et des autres professionnels du secteur financier Droit fiscal (OAGW) / organismes de placement collectif Droit fiscal Module: Management Skills Leadership and Negotiation Module: Reflection Skills Presentation and Rhetoric Skills Research Skills and Academic Writing Module: Intercultural Skills International Project Management and Intercultural Management Module: Internship Internship Module: Master Thesis Master Thesis 18 11 4 Selective Option 3 2 2 3 Selective Option 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 Selective Option 1 4 4 2 4 2 3 6 Master in Accounting and Audit A. 2. 4 Path to the reviseur d’entreprises Students completing the Master degree course acquire the expertise to solve practical problems on a scientifically sound basis. Candidates aiming to obtain the professional qualification of reviseur d’entreprises will comprehensively have completed the theoretical stage of their training on a high academic level when they graduate and can immediately start the practical stage of their training. For accessing the profession of reviseur d’entreprises, the candidate must complete four training stages. The professional qualification of reviseur d’entreprises is granted to persons who 1. submit one or more Master certificates, whereby the holder of the certificate must successfully have completed certain specialist subjects and/or modules with a specific volume of ECTS units (â€Å"credits†, â€Å"credit points†). As part of the Master studies, he/she must successfully have completed courses in the core specialist subjects of accounting and audit and the supplementary specialist subjects (e. g. law, IT and computer systems, business studies and economics, corporate finance and mathematics and statistics) and achieved a specific minimum of ECTS units. 2. 3. 4. have successfully completed additional training, which concerns legislation  applicable in Luxembourg. have completed practical training on the job and have passed the professional aptitude test. The Accounting and Audit Master degree course implements the first and second training stages of the option for accessing the profession of reviseur d’entreprises. Compared with the other options for accessing the profession and courses offered by other universities, the Accounting and Audit course qualifies specifically for the career of reviseur d’entreprises in Luxembourg. During their studies, students acquire knowledge and skills in the core specialist areas of accounting and auditing as well as the supplementary specialist areas. At the same time, they expand their knowledge with additional information about the legal and administrative provisions which apply specifically in Luxembourg, given that courses of the formation complementaire des reviseurs d’entreprises are integrated in the Master degree course. This means that the legal requirements regarding the content and scope of the theoretical training of reviseurs d’entreprises in the core, supplementary and additional specialist subjects are implemented in full as part of the course. 7 Master in Accounting and Audit Once they have graduated with a Master in Accounting and Audit, students can immediately go on to complete the practical stage of their training and then take the aptitude test for reviseurs d’entreprises. Graduates are exempt from the additional aptitude test on the legal and administrative provisions which apply specifically to Luxembourg during their practical training on the job (â€Å"stage†) if the qualifying certificate is obtained during the Master degree course. Students have the option to complete the first, theoretical training stage and the second, additional training on Luxembourg legislation simultaneously. The Accounting and Audit Master degree course therefore represents an efficient option for entering the profession and is particularly suitable for students wishing to obtain the professional qualification of reviseur d’entreprises in Luxembourg.

Creating A Hotel Room Reservation System

Creating A Hotel Room Reservation System 2.1 INTRODUCTION The Hotel Management System is a hotel room reservation system and management control system. The purpose of developed this hotel Management System is to assist the management and also the receptionist staff to have a better and more efficient way of performing booking tasks towards the customer. It is very important for hotel to own an efficient system. A hotel business will be affected by how they manage the hotels and room booking process, as because normally customer will dislike to wait for a long time for the booking process to get their room, so the hotel should own a better managerial system and also a more efficient room management system. Booking a room considered is an easy task because the customer just need to walk to the receptionist counter and give them necessary particular and information. If the customer need to make advanced booking, the just needs to contact our hotel receptionist, and give them information and when they need the room to the receptionist staff. And also the customer booking room when the buy flight ticket by online booking. This system also help to reduce the time take to search customer information and room information, because with this new implement system the receptionist staffs just need to input the customer IC / Passport number to get the customers information if they are repeated customer. Compare to the paper work will consume a long time to search customer information and the paper work information may lose and torn due to keep for a long period. By having an efficient room reservation system, the time take to check-in and check-out time will reduce and the customer will get their room faster compare to paper work based. This system helps the management to manage their room rates due to different season. The room rates are fall into 3 categories which are low, peak and super peak. The management can change the rates anytime through the database. The management has the privilege to add, edit, or remove staff login, the management also has the privilege to change their password anytime. The receptionist staffs, able to perform task which reserve room for their customer, check in and check out for the customer, the staff also able to edit the customer information. The hotel reservation system gives and helps the management and receptionist staff by reducing their workload. 2.1.1 Problem face by the Current System Receptionist staffs need to do a lot of paper work to record the data. It takes a long time to search for the customer detail and room information. Sometime, their past customers details were loss, especially for those who return to stay in the resort after a long period. It also slows down the registration process when using the old manual way The costs for the room are difficult to calculate, especially in different season due to hotel having different type of room. Many customers in the resort were frustrated about having to switch rooms because of room allocation problems. 2.1.2 Scope Management Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what is or is not included in a project. In ensures that the project team and stakeholders have the same understanding of what products will be produced as a result of the project and what processes will be used in producing them. The main processes involved in project scope management include:- Scope Initiation beginning a project or continuing to the next phase. Scope planning developing documents to provide the basis for future project decisions. Scope definition subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components. Scope verification formalizing acceptance of the project scope. Scope change control controlling changes to project scope. 2.2 STATEMENT OF WORK 2.2.1 Scope of Work For this project, the team will perform various activities to complete the proposed system. Firstly, the team will conduct a background study on the problem that occurs in that organization. To complete this stage, various methods to collect information will be performed, such as questionnaire, interviews, and observation. The information collected from these ways will help the team to accumulate as much information as needed for them to come to a solution. Once the team has reached to a final word on the suitable system, it is the next task to study an existing system which would reflect to the new system to be developed. By studying the similar system, the team would get an idea on how the new system should behave. Next, based on the information gathered, a database will be designed to integrate all the necessary details collected previously from the study and comparison conducted. Along with it, a prototype of the system to be developed is designed and shown to the client for approval. Once it has been approves, then the most suitable development tools will be finalized. The following development tools are required for the system: i) Hardware ii) Software Intel Pentium IV 2.0GHz Processor Visual Basic 2008 256 MB RAM MS SQL Server 2005 CD ROM Drive Video Adapter Card VGA Monitor 80 GB Hard disk Keyboard and Mouse The development will commence once the prototype has been approved. Later, the system will have to be tested using various test plans and finally it will be implemented once it is free from errors and satisfies the requirements. 2.2.2 Location of Work The work shall be performed at the residence of each team members .Meetings are carried out at Side Cafà © or Class room at a time agreed by every member. 2.2.3 Applicable Standards The applicable standard is the ISO, which the widespread adoption of International Standards means that suppliers can base the development of their products and services on specifications that have wide acceptance in their sectors. ISO 9000 is concerned with quality management. This means what the organization does to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer and applicable regulatory requirements and continually to improve its performance in this regard. ISO 14000 is primarily concerned with environmental management. This means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and continually to improve its environmental performance. These two standards are important and need to be implemented. 2.2.4 Acceptance Criteria The acceptance criteria for this system would be Accuracy Deliverables shall be accurate in presentation, technical content Clarity Deliverables shall be clear and concise, computing terms shall be used, as appropriate. All diagrams shall be easy to understand and relevant to the supporting description. Timeliness Deliverables shall be submitted on or before the due date specified in the Schedule of Deliverables 2.4 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE 1ST LEVEL Pangkor Island Beach Resort Analysis User requirement analysis System Requirement Analysis Identify project limitations and constraints Design 2.1 User Interface 2.2 Database Evaluation 3.1 Evaluate the design of interface and database 3.2 Investigate the design of interface and database 3.3 Confirm the design of interface and database Implementation 4.1 Coding of the system 4.2 Implement coding Testing 5.1 Preparation of test plans 5.2 Perform testing 5.3 Stub Test 5.4 Integration Test 2.5 PROJECT TEAM HIERARCHY scheduling Cost Risk kajen calvin Calvin Herma wati Scope Staffing kajen Kajen ,herma Herma wati Supervisor Hubert Tan Herma wati Communication Calvin Kajen Calvin Project Manager kajenthiran 2.6 RESPONSIBILITY CHART Task Introduction H H X Scope Management X H Scheduling Management H H X Staff Management X H Cost Management X H Risk Management H H Communication Management H X Person in charge H Helpers 2.7 COST BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE Setting up the resort reservation system Equipment Desk Chair Table Sofa Photocopier Fax Machine Personal Computer Etc. Labors System Analyst Project Manager Programmer System Tester Setting-up Expenses Programming Software Telephone Line Setup Software and Hardware Overhead Electricity Bill Telephone Bill 2.8 CONCLUSION As a conclusion we have learnt quite a lot of new thing which we need to do before we start our project. This part is consider the most important part because this part is the planning part, without a proper planning, our project will face high failure rates. In this chapter, we have to plan the statement of work, work breakdown structure, cost breakdown structure and also the strategic importance of the proposed system. We need proper planning for the three parts in this chapter. In this chapter, we have learned how to break the work package to include the person responsible for the package. We also set the start and finished dates and the relation of other tasks as well. We have also estimated the cost which needs to build up the system.

Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtill

Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtillis does not Result in Resistance to other Antibiotics Introduction: In the environment, bacteria frequently encounter various antibiotics and through various mechanisms, evolve to become resistant to these antibiotics. Some of these mechanisms sometimes involve beneficial mutations in a bacterium that allow it survive antibiotics but more frequently involve a transfer of genes from other bacteria, even bacteria of different species. Through the transfer of genes from other bacteria, a bacterium can acquire resistance against several antibiotics (Levy 2002). Nalidixic acid is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections (Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) 1999), and is thus found in concentrated amounts in urine. When a person urinates, any excess nalidixic acid can easily find its way to soil, where Bacillus subtilis is found naturally. As the nalidixic acid would be diluted to sub-therapeutic concentrations, all the nalidixic acid would do is to select for resistant strains of any bacteria (e.g. B. subtilis) encountered (Levy 2002). As bacteria can pass along resistance factors to other currently un-resistant bacteria, the harmless B. subtilis which harbors resistance factors against nalidixic acid can potentially pass the resistance factors to harmful bacteria. Bacteria, however, frequently develop resistance not only to one antibiotic but to several and can pass on resistance factors for all these antibiotics to other bacteria. This study will attempt to produce B. subtilis that is resistant to nalidixic acid and determine if these nalid ixic acid-resistant B. subtillis are also resistant to other antibiotics, especially those in the same class. ... ...important not to lose its effectiveness to antibiotic resistance. References: Ciprofloxacin (Oral) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 2003 Apr 3; cited 2003 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a688016.html Levy, S. B. 2002.The Antibiotic Paradox: How the Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys Their Curative Powers. Perseus Publishing, MA. Hardy, S. P. 2002. Human Microbiology. Taylor and Francis, NY. Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 1999 Jun 14; cited 2003 Mar 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202387.html Voyles, B. A. 2003. Personal communication. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtill Experimentally Induced Resistance to Nalidixic Acid in Bacillus subtillis does not Result in Resistance to other Antibiotics Introduction: In the environment, bacteria frequently encounter various antibiotics and through various mechanisms, evolve to become resistant to these antibiotics. Some of these mechanisms sometimes involve beneficial mutations in a bacterium that allow it survive antibiotics but more frequently involve a transfer of genes from other bacteria, even bacteria of different species. Through the transfer of genes from other bacteria, a bacterium can acquire resistance against several antibiotics (Levy 2002). Nalidixic acid is commonly used to treat urinary tract infections (Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) 1999), and is thus found in concentrated amounts in urine. When a person urinates, any excess nalidixic acid can easily find its way to soil, where Bacillus subtilis is found naturally. As the nalidixic acid would be diluted to sub-therapeutic concentrations, all the nalidixic acid would do is to select for resistant strains of any bacteria (e.g. B. subtilis) encountered (Levy 2002). As bacteria can pass along resistance factors to other currently un-resistant bacteria, the harmless B. subtilis which harbors resistance factors against nalidixic acid can potentially pass the resistance factors to harmful bacteria. Bacteria, however, frequently develop resistance not only to one antibiotic but to several and can pass on resistance factors for all these antibiotics to other bacteria. This study will attempt to produce B. subtilis that is resistant to nalidixic acid and determine if these nalid ixic acid-resistant B. subtillis are also resistant to other antibiotics, especially those in the same class. ... ...important not to lose its effectiveness to antibiotic resistance. References: Ciprofloxacin (Oral) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 2003 Apr 3; cited 2003 Apr 5]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a688016.html Levy, S. B. 2002.The Antibiotic Paradox: How the Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys Their Curative Powers. Perseus Publishing, MA. Hardy, S. P. 2002. Human Microbiology. Taylor and Francis, NY. Nalidixic Acid (Systematic) [Internet]. Medline Plus Health Information, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; [updated 1999 Jun 14; cited 2003 Mar 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202387.html Voyles, B. A. 2003. Personal communication. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Reliance on the Myth of an Unoccupied Americ

The Frontier Thesis has been very influential in people’s understanding of American values, government and culture until fairly recently. Frederick Jackson Turner outlines the frontier thesis in his essay â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History†. He argues that expansion of society at the frontier is what explains America’s individuality and ruggedness. Furthermore, he argues that the communitarian values experienced on the frontier carry over to America’s unique perspective on democracy. This idea has been pervasive in studies of American History until fairly recently when it has come under scrutiny for numerous reasons. In his essay â€Å"The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature†, William Cronon argues that many scholars, Turner included, fall victim to the false notion that a pristine, untouched wilderness existed before European intervention. Turner’s argument does indeed rely on the ide a of pristine wilderness, especially because he fails to notice the serious impact that Native Americans had on the landscape of the Americas before Europeans set foot in America. Turner fails to realize the extent to which Native Americans existed in the ‘Wilderness’ of the Americas before the frontier began to advance. Turner’s thesis relies on the idea that â€Å"easterners †¦ in moving to the wild unsettled lands of the frontier, shed the trappings of civilization †¦ and by reinfused themselves with a vigor, an independence, and a creativity that the source of American democracy and national character.† (Cronon) While this idea seems like a satisfying theory of why Americans are unique, it relies on the notion that the Frontier was â€Å"an area of free land,† which is not the case, undermining the the... ...icans lived in and tamed the land around them millennia before European settlers arrived. Works Cited Cronon, William â€Å"The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature† ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995, 69-90 Denevan, William M. "The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492." The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the. Northern Arizona University, Web. 25 Mar. 2014. Krech, Shepard. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W.W. Norton &, 1999. Print. Solnit, Rebecca. "Spectators." Savage Dreams: A Journey into the Hidden Wars of the American West. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1994. 228-47. Print. Turner, Frederick Jackson. "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Learner: Primary Sources. Annenberg Learner, Web. 25 Mar. 2014.

Michael Crichtons The Lost World Essay -- Michael Crichton Lost World

Michael Crichton's The Lost World I read Michael Crichton's The Lost World. In the following paragraphs, I will not only explain the book, but also give my critique of it. I will also give a paragraph that was probably the best paragraph in the book, in my opinion. The book starts out with Ian Malcolm, a mathematician who had already had an experience with live dinosaurs a couple of years ago on another island. He has pretty much blocked that experience from his mind. Anyway, it also talks about a man named Doctor Levine. This man talks at a lecture that Malcolm is watching about the theory of there being a lost world, an island, undiscovered, that has extinct animals on it, particularly dinosaurs. Malcolm dismisses this idea saying that is the dumbest thing he ever heard. After the lecture, Levine talks to Malcolm to help him in finding this "Lost World." Malcolm again dismisses him. After a couple weeks of Levine nagging him, he sort of gets more into the idea, and starts to believe it. Levine Narrows it down to one island, Isla Sorna, and just leaves without telling anyone. Two of Levine's students, Kelly and Arby, get worried when he wasn't there to teach their class, because they were supposed to go on a field trip with him that day. They go to a guy named Doctor Thorne, a guy that was making specialized equipment for their trip. He said that he didn't know what was going on. They contact Malcolm and they go to Levine's apartment. They go to his computer room and see all this stuff on the wall about site B. They go onto the computer and Arby gets all this stuff about site B on it. Malcolm then finds out that the island that Levine went to was Isla Sorna. They plan this whole trip to go there, just Malcolm, Thorne, and Thorne's assistant, Eddie. They also call a woman named Sarah Harding, a scientist in Africa, to come with them. She had to take a flight in a while, she was too far to just go with them. They told the kids that they couldn't go. They leave for a helicopter with a specialized explorer, and two trailers, with a lot of equipment. On the way there, Thorne gets a call from Arby saying good luck. They get to the island and search for Levine, with this device they have, the find him and go back to the trailer. Before the go back, you find out that that Kelly and Arby hid in a compartment in the trailer. The... ...ey take the boat off the island, and go home. I think the only weakness of the book is that it is too much like the first book, Jurassic Park. â„ ¢ The characters have similar strengths and weaknesses, two kids, etc. I also thing that there are numerous strengths to the book. It was very compelling, and some nights I'd be up until stupid hours in the morning reading it because I couldn't put it down. It was a thrilling book. It kept you wanting more. A particular passage which impressed me was PP 422 & 423, Chapter Exit, the whole chapter. I particularly liked this chapter because it sort of turned the table on humans. We always think we are superior to every other animal in the world, always taking them for granted, killing them and eating them. The T-Rex brings Dodgson back to the nest for the babies to eat, sort of like when a bird brings a worm home for its babies, only we're the worms. In conclusion, I really liked this book, it is my favorite book now. I would definitely recommend it to anyone. No matter what they are interested in. I didn't read Jurassic Park, â„ ¢ but I am definitely going to, and I can't wait to see the Lost World â„ ¢ on the big screen.

Post Civil War South Essay

After the war, the South was devastated and it was going to take a lot of money and a lot of rebuilding for it to be self-sufficient again. It financially and architecturally succeeded in reinventing itself and in the thirty five years following the war, Southern iron, steel and textile industries emerged, with Railroads leading the South’s industrial expansion. The Southern economy grew and prospered, although it could never quite compete with the North in innovations or wages. Now that there were almost 4 million freed slaves living in the South and a huge population of poor white people, there was plenty of cheap labor and business owners took full advantage of the fact. What kept the South from a strong Industrial development was the inability of the White men to work alongside the freed slaves. Attitudes toward the freed slaves had not changed and were getting progressively worse. Black Southerners were barred from working in industrial jobs and only a small percentage of White Southerners were employed in these jobs, therefore expansion could not take place. The South started on the right course and for a period of time it looked like the New South had risen but hatred towards the Black Southerners was the industrial development downfall with The South still strongly depending on agriculture as the economy stabilizer. Supposedly, the New South was based on rich natural resources, economic opportunity and increased racial equality, but after the North removed military control in the South in 1877, the Southern White Democrats went to work at changing their states constitutions and establishing legal barriers that kept the Black Southerners from voting. By 1913 new laws had been enacted, known as the Jim Crow laws, the made it unlawful for Black Southerners to comingle with White Southerners everywhere. Violence and Intimidation was the face of the New South now as Black Southerners and White Southerners competed for the same jobs. Lynching’s, beatings, false imprisonment and raping of the Black Southern women was all the freed slaves had to look forward to now, some of the same treatment many had to endure as slaves. Racial Segregation was fully embraced by the White Southerners and lthough the slaves had been freed, the South had completely failed in their quest for racial equality being a sign of the New South. http://www. civilwaracademy. com/reconstruction. html How did the culture of the Plains Indians, specifically the Lakota Sioux, change in the late 19th century? The Lakota Tribe first acquired horses in the 1700’s and it changed their way of life as they knew it. Over the next 200 years, they saw even more significant changes, but none of them good. Their original warfare between other tribes was never to acquire lands or control people but to obtain more horses, as the Lakota directly equated honor with the number of horses they had. Their warfare strategy changed as the white man encroached on their territory, threatened their buffalo and pushed them out of their lands. To them, their way of life was changing and the attitude became that of â€Å"kill or â€Å"be killed†, protecting family and possessions at any cost. Buffalo was a major source of food, shelter and material items that the Lakota relied heavily on to sustain them. As the White man encroached on the Lakota Territory, they felt that if they eradicated the Buffalo, the Lakota Tribe would be easier to manage and beat down. With the Government policy in the mid 1860’s being that of confining all Indians to reservations, the Establishment of the Great Sioux Reservation through the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty was proposed. This would drastically change their way of life and make them dependent upon the government to survive. The treaty proposed the following: * Set aside a 25 million acre tract of land for the Lakota and Dakota encompassing all the land in South Dakota west of the Missouri River, to be known as the Great Sioux Reservation; * Permit the Dakota and Lakota to hunt in areas of Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota until the buffalo were gone; * Provide for an agency, grist mill, and schools to be located on the Great Sioux Reservation; * Provide for land allotments to be made to individual Indians; and provide clothing, blankets, and rations of food to be distributed to all Dakotas and Lakota’s living within the bounds of the Great Sioux Reservation. The majority of the Lakota males did not sign this treaty and since the government did not keep their end of the bargain and broke treaty many times as it suited them, numerous battles were fought while they tried to keep their independence. Eventually the Lakota tried to live on the reservation and by the government’s guidelines, but without horses or guns, they could not hunt and the rations promised to them were either always late or didn’t show up at all. The Lakota were encouraged towards self-sufficiency by imposed farming, and the government did everything it could to â€Å"civilize† the Tribe by making them dress in American traditional clothing and outlawing their rituals and ceremonies.

Indian Freedom Fighters Essay

Jawaharlal Nehru innate(p) on fourteenth November 1889 in Allahabad, was the get-go crown diplomatic minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics for much of the twentieth century. He emerged as the paramount attractor of the Indian independency Movement under(a) Mahatma Gandhi and ruled India from its establishment as an self-governing nation in 1947 until his oddment in office in 1964. Nehru is considered to be the interior decorator of the modern Indian nation-state a sovereign, state-controlled, secular, and elective republic. A committed bailiwickist since his adolescent socio-economic classs, Nehru became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the bounteous attracter of the Indian subject field sexual congress during the 1920s, and eventually of the entire congress,. As social intercourse President, Nehru called for complete freedom from Britain He was the interrogative sentenceing author of the Indian Declaration of emancipation (1929). As skin rash of sprightliness minister of religion, Nehru set push by means of to realise his vision of India.The Constitution of India was enacted in 1950, ulterior on which he embarked on an pushy program of economic, social and policy-making reforms. Chiefly, he over saying Indias transition from a monarchy to a republic, while nurturing a plural, multi-company democracy. In unconnected policy, Nehru took a leading role in Non-Alignment while projecting India as a regional hegemon in southwestern Asia. beneath Nehrus drawship, the Congress emerged as a catch-all party, dominating national politics and lovely consecutive elections in 1951, 1957, and 1962. He remained democratic with the people of India in spite of political troubles in his final years and loser of drawing cardship during Sino-Indian War. In India, his birthday is noteworthy as Childrens Day. He died on may 27, 1964 in stark naked Delhi. GulzariGulzarilal Nanda born on July 4 1898 in Sialkot, Pakistan, was an Indian pol and an economist with specialisation in labour problems. He was the interim prime minister of religion of India twice for thirteen eld each the rootage succession by and by the death of patriarchal minister of religion Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, and the second fourth dimension after the death of flush minister of religion Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966. The governing of India honoured Nanda with the Bharat Ratna a ward in 1997 Both his price were uneventful, yet they were sensitive of block beca map of the emf danger to the country following Nehrus death soon after a war with China in 1962 and Shastris death after a war with Pakistanin 1965. He died on January 15 1998 in modernistic Delhi.Lal Bahadur ShastriLal Bahadur Shastri born on 2 October 1904 in Ramnagar, was the second flower minister of the Republic of India and a leader of the Indian National Congress party. Shastri conjugate the Indian independen ce movement in the 1920s. Deeply impressed and influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, he became a loyal fol take down, first of Gandhi, and therefore of Jawaharlal Nehru. Following independence in 1947, he joined the latters political sympathies and became unmatchable of thrill pastor Nehrus principal lieutenants, first as Railways pastor (195156), and accordingly in a diversity of other functions, including Home minister of religion.Shastri was chosen as Nehrus successor owing to his chemical bond to Nehruvian socialism Shastri as patriarchal minister go along Nehrus policies of non-alignment and socialism. He became a national hero following the mastery in the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. His slogan of Jai Jawan Jai Kisan ( foretell the soldier, Hail the farmer) became genuinely everyday during the war and is remembered even today.2 The war was formally ended in the Tashkent musical arrangement of 10 January 1966 he died the following day, cool off in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, of a heart snipe on January 11 1966.Indira GandhiIndira Priyadarshini Gandhi born on 19 November 1917, was the third Prime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National Congress party. Gandhi, who served from 1966 to 1977 and and then once more(prenominal) from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, is the second-longest- dowry Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office. As Prime Minister, Gandhi became known for her political ruth littleness and unprecedented centralisation of power. She presided over a period where India emerged with greater power than in the beginning to become the regional hegemon of South Asia with large political, economic, and military developments.Gandhi overly presided over a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree and made lasting changes to the report of India. She was assassinated on 31 October, 1984, in the aftermath of Operation Blue Star. In 2001, Gandhi was voted the greatest India n Prime Minister in a poll set up by India Today. She was alike named Woman of the millenary in apoll organised by the BBC in 1999.Morarji DesaiMorarji Desai born on 29 Feb 1896 in Valsad, was a guiding light Indian independence activist and the one-quarter Prime Minister of India from 1977 1979. He was as well as the first Prime Minister to head Indias first non-Congress Government. At unlike fronts, Desai holds international fame for his peace activism and made far-famed efforts to initiate peace between two-rival South Asian states, Pakistan and India. afterwards Indias first nuclear explosion in 1974,Smiling Buddha, Desai helped limit friendly relations with China and Pakistan, and vowed to overturn arm impinge much(prenominal) as Indo-Pakistani war of 1971.Desai has the credible distinction of creation the only Indian national to be conferred with Pakistans highest civilian award, Nishan-e-Pakistan, which was conferred on him by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in 199 0 in a colorful ceremony. Domestically, he vie crucial role in Indian nuclear program after it was targeted by major nuclear powers after conducting a surprise test in 1974. Later, his policies promoted social, wellness and administrative reforms in the country. He died on 10 April 1995 in New Delhi.Charan SinghChaudhuri Charan Singh , was the 5th Prime Minister of the Republic of India, serving from 28 July 1979 until 14 January 1980. Charan singh was born into a Jat family on declination 23, 1902 in city Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh. Charan Singh entered politics as part of the Independence Movement. After independence he became especially notable in the 1950s for oppose and winning a battle against Jawaharlal Nehrus socialistic and collectivist land use policies, for the sake of the Indian Farmer, which endeared him to the agrarian communities throughout the nation, particularly in his native Uttar Pradesh. The leader of the Bharatiya Lok Dal, he was settled at the time for the la rgely honorary post of police lieutenant Prime Minister of India.During 1977 Lok Sabha Elections, there was not a single party, hence it was problem, which figure has to be adopted Hence, a solicit was made to Chaudhary Charan Singh (Lok Dal) and he agreed to throw overboard his party-Lok Dals symbol HALDHAR. It was because of efforts of Raj Narain he later(prenominal)(prenominal) became Prime Minister in the year 1979. He was sworn in as Prime Minister with the hold of just 64 MPs.Charan Singh died on 29 May 1987 in NewDelhi. He was survived by his wife, Gayatri Devi and five children.Rajiv GandhiRajiv Ratna Gandhi born on 20 August 1944 in Mumbai, was the sixth Prime Minister of India, serving from 1984 to 1989. He took office after the 1984 assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, his mother, to become the youngest Indian Prime Minister. For much of Rajivs childhood his grandpa Jawaharlal Nehru was prime minister. He became a professional pilot for the Indian Airl ines. In 1968, he married Sonia Gandhiand the couple settled batch in Delhi to a domestic life with their children Rahul and Priyanka. Although for much of the 1970s his mother was prime minister, and his brother Sanjay wielded significant un authoritative power, Rajiv remained apolitical. After Sanjays death in a plane crash in 1980, Rajiv reluctantly entered politics at the behest of Indira.The following year he became a member of the Lok Sabha . As part of his political grooming, Rajiv was made a general secretary of the Congress and effrontery significant responsibility in organising the 1982 Asian Games. Rajiv Gandhi remained Congress President until the elections in 1991. slice campaigning for the elections, he was assassinated by a suicide bomber from the kindling Tigers of Tamil Eelam in May 21 1991 in Sriperumbudur. Rajiv Gandhi was awarded the highest civilian award by the government of India, Bharat Ratna in 1991.V. P. SinghVishwanath Pratap Singh born on 25 June 1931 in Allahabad, was the 7th Prime Minister of India. His initial ministry consisted of the following cabinet ministers and their departments. The Cabinet was functional from the 2 celestial latitude 1989 to 10 November 1990. Hence , he was ousted less than a year later. To hold fumbling coalition together proved to be a formidable task. Additionally, Singh faced secessionist movements in the states of Punjab and Kashmir. The latter threatened to erupt into armed conflict with Pakistan in early 1990 and exacerbated Hindu-Muslim conflict in the country.Known as a consensus builder, skilled negotiator, and a person of noticeable will, Singhs talents were considerable, but were stretched to their utmost and finally failed. Singh held the post as Prime Minister less than a year delinquent topressures from political rivals and an electorate increasingly polarized along class and religious lines. He died on November 10, 2006 in New Delhi.Chandra ShekharChandra Shekhar Singh born on 17 April 1927 in Ibrahimpatti, was the eight-spoth Prime Minister of India. He became the eighth Prime Minister of India on 10 November 1990 as Congress decided to extend outside deport to his government. The relationship crumbled quickly, as the Congress party accused him of spying on Rajiv Gandhi, their leader at that time.3 The Congress political party then boycotted Parliament and as Shekhars faction only had 64 MPs, he resigned in a nationally televised address on 6 March 1991. He remained in office until national elections could be held later that year.4It was during these elections that Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated.Shekhar was known for abiding by the parliamentary conventions and was honoured with the inaugural Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 1995.3 Shekhar was a member of the Lok Sabha, Indias lower house of Parliament. He led the Samajwadi Janata Party. start in 1977, he won elections to the Lok Sabha eight times from Ballia constituency in eastern Uttar Pradesh. C handra Shekhar suffered from denary myeloma, a form of cancer of the germ plasm cell. He had been hospitalised for over three months by the date of his death, aged 80, in New Delhi on 8 July 2007 P. V.Narasimha RaoPamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao born on 28 June 1921 in Vangara, Karimnagar, was an Indian lawyer, political leader and freedom fighter1 who served as the ninth Prime Minister of India from1991 to 1996. He led an classic administration, overseeing a major economic duty period and several home incidents affecting national bail of India.3 Rao who held the Industries portfolio was personally responsible for the take down of the Licence Rajas this came under the purview of the Ministry of mercantile system and Industry.4 He is often referred to as the render of Indian Economic Reforms.56Future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies pioneered by Raos government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the License Raj , reversing the socialist policies of Rajiv Gandhis government.He employed Dr. Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister to embark on historic economictransition. With Raos mandate, Dr. Manmohan Singh launched Indias globalisation angle of the reforms that implemented the planetary Monetary Fund (IMF) policies to rescue the more or less bankrupt nation from economic collapse.4 Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer inflexible economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed aminority government.78 Rao died on December 23, 2004 of a heart attack in New Delhi. He was cremated in Hyderabad.10 He was a versatile personality with interests in a variety of subjects such as writings and computer software. He spoke 17 languages.H. D. Deve GowdaHaradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda born 18 May 1933 in Haradanahalli was the 11th Prime Minister of India from 1996 to 1997 and the fourteenth Chief minister of the state of Karnataka from 199 4 to 1996. He is an influential leader of the Vokkaliga community and is popularly known as Mannina maga (Son of the soil) for espousing the cause of the farmers.He is the National President of the Janata Dal (Secular) party. He realise his Diploma in Civil applied science from Smt.L.V. Polytechnic, Hassan, Karnataka.2 He married Smt. Chennamma and the couple pass 4 sons and 2 daughters. His parents, Shri Dodde Gowda and Smt. Devamma were from a inwardness class agricultural background.6 Hence, he was receptive to the hardships of farmers, early in his life and later became a champion of the farmers cause.5I.K. GujralInder Kumar Gujral was an Indian politician who served as the 12th Prime Minister of India from April 1997 to March 1998. Inder Kumar Gujral was born on 4 December 1919 to Avtar Narain and Pushpa Gujral in Jhelum, pakistan. He analyze at D.A.V. College, Hailey College of Commerce and Forman Christian College University, Lahore. He also participated in the Indian in dependence movement and was jailed in 1942 during the put in India Movement. As a student he became a member of the Communist Party of India. Gujral was admitted at Medanta Hospital in Gurgaon, Haryana, on 19 November 2012, after being diagnosed with a lung infection.38He had suffered a serious boob infection a few years before being admitted to the hospital39 following more than a year of dialysis.15 His health deteriorated in the hospital and was reported to be very critical. On 27 November, he fell unconsciousand his urine output signal system stopped working. Gujral died on 30 November 2012. The government of India declared a seven-day period of state mourning and cancelled official functions until 6 December.Atal Bihari VajpayeeAtal Bihari Vajpayee born 25 December 1924 in Gwalior, is an Indian statesman who served as the 10th Prime Minister of India, in three non-consecutive terms, first for 13 days in 1996, then for 13 months from 1998 to 1999 and then from 1999 to 2004 f or a full five year term. A parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was choose to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Indias Parliament) clubhouse times, and twice to the Rajya Sabha (upper house). He is the only one to be elected from four different states at different times (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Delhi.) He won his first election from Balrampur and later he moved to Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, until 2009, when he retired from vigorous politics due to health concerns. Vajpayee was among the grounding members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh political party and had also been its President. He was also the Minister of orthogonal Affairs in the cabinet of Morarji Desai.Manmohan SinghManmohan Singh is the thirteenth and current Prime Minister of India. A renowned economist, he is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term, and the first non-Hindu to hold the office. Born on kinsfolk 26, 1932 in Gah , Pakistan, Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947. He received a BA from Cambridge, and after obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford, Singh worked for the linked Nations in 196669. He by and by began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Foreign Trade. everywhere the 70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts, in theGovernment of India such as Chief Economic consultant (197276), Reserve Bank governor (198285) and formulation Commission head (198587).In 2004, when the Congress-led joined Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi perchance relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. This Singh-led UPA I government penalise several key legislations and projects, including the Rural wellnessMission, Unique Identification Authority, Rural consumption Guarantee scheme and Right to knowledge Act. In 2008, opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to expire after Left Front parties withdrew their support. Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents (including the 2008 Mumbai attacks) and the chronic Maoist insurgency.The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister.