Library Management Synopsys

LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ABSTRACT The project titled Library management system is Library management software for monitoring and controlling the transactions in a library. The project â€Å"Library Management System† is developed in java, which mainly focuses on basic operations in a library like adding new member, new books, and updating new information, searching books and members and facility to borrow and return books. â€Å"Library Management System† is a web based application written for Windows operating systems, designed to help users maintain and organize library.Our software is easy to use for both beginners and advanced users. It features a familiar and well thought-out, an attractive user interface, combined with searching Insertion and reporting capabilities. The report generation facility of library system helps to get a good idea of which are the books borrowed by the members, makes users possible to generate reports’ hard copy. EXISTING SYSTEM In our existing system all the transaction of books are done manually, So taking more time for a transaction like borrowing a book or returning a book and also for searching of members and books.Another major disadvantage is that to preparing the list of books borrowed and the available books in the library will take more time, currently it is doing as a one day process for verifying all records. So after conducting the feasibility study we decided to make the manual Library Management System to be computerized. DISADVANTAGES OF CURRENT SYSTEM * The current system is very time consuming. * It is very difficult to generate report manually. * A Chance of losing the gathered data is more. Sending the report through post is time consuming. * It reduces the burden of collecting the information on staff. PROPOSED SYSTEM Proposed system is an automated Library Management System.Through our software user can add members, add books, search members, search books, update information, edit inform ation, borrow and return books in quick time. Our Proposed system has the following advantages. * User friendly interface * Fast access to database * Less error More Storage Capacity * Search Facility REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION Hardware requirements: Machine: Pentium 4 or higher Primary memory : 128MB or above Secondary memory: 100MB of free space Monitor: VGA color Software requirements: Operating System:Windows XP and higher Browser:Internet Explorer 8 and higher Web/Application server:Apache tomcat server 7. 0 Database: Mysql-essential – 5. 1. 30 Languages:JSP, HTML IDE:Eclipse Helios MODULES: * Admin * Member MODULE DESCRIPTION:In Admin login module, Administrator can read and write information about any members, and can update, create and delete the record of membership as per requirement and implements, and keeps track of issues and submission of books and report generation facility of library system helps to generate reports’ hard copy. In Member login module, M ember keeps track of issues and submission of books, can update, create, and delete details of Books. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: ADMINISTRATOR BOOK RETURN BOOK ISSUE MEMBER ADD MEMBER MEMBER DATABASE UPDATE BOOK DELETE BOOK ADD BOOK STUDENT DATABASE BOOKS DATABASE

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 28

Remember the time we broke Mothers crystal bowl? And I was so worried about how she would react that I cried?† I asked. â€Å"Yes, and then Father decided I was to blame and whipped me and called me wicked,† Damon said dully. â€Å"I tried to make your life easier, little brother. But Im done. This time, I want you to get exactly what you deserve.† â€Å"What do you want me to say, Damon?† I asked angrily, so loudly the two guards looked up in surprise. Damon paused, his eyes at half-mast. â€Å"Ill tell you exactly what I want you to say right before I kill you.† I rolled my eyes in angry frustration. â€Å"I thought you were the one who wanted to die. And now youre going to kill me?† Damon chuckled. â€Å"You know, now that I think about it, being a beast from hell might not be so bad. In fact, I think its a role I could take to, immensely. Perhaps it wasnt my newfound state I despised. It wasyou. But if youre gone–â€Å" â€Å"If Im gone youll be in Patrick Gallaghers freak show forever,† I interrupted. â€Å"But admit it, brother. Dont you think Patrick Gallaghers freak show is more fun than hell? And once I get some strength, I think I can plan an escape quite easily.† â€Å"And then Im sure youll get caught, just as you did the first time,† I said in disgust. I leaned my head back against the cage bars. The fight was one short hour away, and I hadnt given up on trying to engage Damon, to spark any possible thread of connection between us. But no matter what Id say, hed taunt me or ignore me. It was impossible to know just how long wed been trapped. Since I had become a vampire, time had taken on a different quality. Seconds and minutes no longer mattered. I found being imprisoned gave time back its importance, because every second brought us closer to our battle. As I waited, I played out in my mind the various scenarios the fight could take. I pictured Damon snapping my neck, roaring triumphantly for the crowd. I saw myself succumbing to anger, accidentally stealing life from my brother–again. But what would happen if we both refused to fight? Could we take on the entire audience together? Could we somehow engineer an escape? Yes, Gallaghers minions had vervain and stakes, but we had Power. If only I had Callie on my side My heart panged painfully at the thought of Callies betrayal. The image of her flame-red hair and gleaming eyes floated to my mind constantly, inflaming my anger–and hurt–over and over. I curled my fists. If only Id listened to Lexi. If only I hadnt let a human in. My only goal for the battle was that, if I should die, I would die with my eyes closed, instead of searching the crowd for her face. â€Å"Lets go, boys!† Gallagher called out, pushing open the door as if he were rousing two children for a bright and early hike. He wore a black waistcoat and a brand-new gold watch that glinted in the weak sunlight. He snapped his fingers, and instantly the guards jumped to their feet, bustling to put on the makeshift uniform of a vampire handler: gloves, boots, and vervain-soaked garlands. The door of the cage flew open, and guards roughly yanked us out, tightened muzzles around our fangs, and shackled our hands behind our backs. We were blindfolded, then marched out of the attic and into the back of a black iron wagon. The wagon took off, bumpily heading down to the lake. When we arrived at the tent, we were marched in opposite directions. â€Å"Boo!† â€Å"Freak!† I heard the sideshow acts hiss as I was marched through the backstage area. I tightened my jaw. I wondered if Lexi wondered where I was, if she thought I was already dead. Though I was still blindfolded, I knew every inch of this tent. To the left was the tattooed woman, and to the right was Caroline, the bearded lady. The floor dipped down, and I knew I was in the arena. I felt something grab my arm. â€Å"Ive told a lot of people about what a crafty one you are. But dont try too hard for my benefit, Mr. Salvatore. My money is on your brother,† Jasper whispered gleefully. Finally, the blindfold was removed from my eyes. The tent was lit up like it was midday, and all the stands were crammed with people. At the center of the ring, Gallagher had set up a betting pool, where people frantically waved bills in the air. Organ music filled the tent, and the air smelled like candied apples and rum punch. And then, out of the corner of my eye, I saw her. Callie was weaving through the stands, and behind her was Buck, carrying a tin box. Her hair was plaited with vervain stems, and her face was pale. Shed obviously been dispatched to collect bets in the stand. She was certainly her fathers daughter, and she fulfilled her duties well. She did not look at me once. I tore my gaze away from her and forced it over to Damon on the opposite side of the ring. Damon had always been a good fighter, and his recent bouts had only strengthened him. If Damon wanted to kill me, he would. Moreover, I would let him. I owed him that much. Jasper struck the starting bell, and the crowd hushed. Gallagher stood up from his post in the betting pit and boomed: â€Å"Welcome, ladies and gentlemen, to another fine evening of sport made possible by yours truly, Patrick Gallagher. Only days ago, we brought you the first-ever fight between a vampire and a mountain lion. Tonight, we bring you the first-ever fight between two vampires, including the winner of that previous match. And not only that,† he said, dropping his voice and causing the crowd to hush and lean forward, â€Å"these two monsters are brothers. They came from the same womb, and now one of them will be heading straight to hell.† A rock hit me in the back of the head, and I whirled around. Vervain was everywhere, causing the sea of faces to blend together in a nightmarish collage of eyes, noses, and open mouths. â€Å"Brother, I'm sorry for anything I've done. Please. If we die, let's not die in anger. We're all we have,† I whispered, clenching my jaw and trying, one last time, to reach Damon. Damon looked up for a split second and jerked his head, but his expression was unreadable. In the center of the ring, Gallagher was still commanding the audiences attention. â€Å"The book will be open for another five minutes for final bets. But!–† He raised his hand in the air, attempting to silence the crowd. The noise in the tent dulled, if only slightly. â€Å"Stay after the show, when well be selling the losers blood. Even a dead vampires blood has healing powers. Cures all ailments. Even ones in the bedroom.† Gallagher winked showily. The crowd catcalled and cheered. I stiffened, wondering whether the crowd thought this was all an act: that we were down-on-our-luck actors and that the blood Gallagher sold after the show would be some type of cherry cordial. Did anyone know that all the blood would be real, that the fallen loser in the center of the ring wouldnt be standing up and heading home once the tent was emptied? Callie knew. Callie knew, and she had decided that this would be my fate. I again clenched my jaw, ready to fight, ready to give the audience the show it was looking for. Suddenly, I found myself being led around the ring by Jasper, giving the audience one final chance to scrutinize my strength before raising their stakes. I could hear snatches of conversation from all sides of the tent: That one's got an inch on the other. I'm swapping sides. How'd your old lady like one of those for your anniversary? I wonder how they'd do against a real lion. A man dressed in clerical robes stood next to Gallagher, raising his frocked arms to quiet the crowd. I recognized him as the snake charmer from the sideshow. â€Å"May all good light shine upon this fight and return the losers soul to the cleansing fires of hell!† he yelled, causing the tent to erupt in a cacophony of noise. A whistle blew, and the fight was on. Damon circled toward me, his stance low to the ground, like when we were kids and practiced boxing. I imitated his stance. â€Å"Blood!† one drunken man yelled, practically hanging over the railing of the ring. â€Å"Blood! Blood! Blood!† The entire tent seemed to be cheering. Damon and I continued to circle each other. â€Å"Let's not do this,† I said.†Let's refuse. What can they do?† â€Å"We're beyond that, brother,† Damon said.†The two of us can't survive in the same world.† Anger seeped into my limbs from the center of my being. Why couldnt we? And why couldnt Damon forgive me? I no longer thought he was haunted by the memory of Katherine. Instead, I believed he was haunted byme. Not who I was, but who he thought I was–a monster who killed without fear or awareness of consequence. How dare he not even recognize the lengths Id gone to to try to make him happy, to try to save him? I swung, connecting with Damons cheek. Blood spurted under his eye, and the crowd roared. Damon wound up and swung back, hitting me on my shoulder and knocking me down to the ground. â€Å"Why did you do that?† Damon hissed, baring his teeth to the delight of the crowd. â€Å"Because you wanted it,† I hissed back, baring my own teeth, then flipped him over into a headlock. He freed himself quickly and returned to his corner. We stood at opposite sides of the ring, staring at each other, both confused, angry, alone. â€Å"Fight!† the crowd roared again. Gallagher glared at us, unsure what to do. He snapped his fingers, and Jasper and Buck ran toward us with stakes, determined to force us to fight each other. They prodded us until our bodies were only inches apart and both of our fists were raised, when a huge, echoing, booming crack that sounded like the sky splitting in two echoed from above. A cold wind whipped around us, causing a cloud of sawdust and debris to rise at our feet. I smelled smoke. â€Å"Fire!† a panicked voice yelled. I looked around wildly. Part of the tent was on fire, and people were running in all directions. â€Å"Comeon!† I felt hands shoving my shoulders. Callie. My eyes opened wide in surprise. â€Å"Go, go, go!† Callie yelled, pushing me. She held an axe in her hand, and slowly I began piecing together what had happened. Had she actually cut down the supports of the tent structure, then set the fire? â€Å"Move!† Callie pushed me one more time. She was surprisingly strong for a human, and after a few seconds of stupidly standing and blinking in place, I grabbed Damon by the wrist, and we ran, past the tents, away from the river, faster and faster, heading toward my home.

American Independent Cinema: Representational Analysis of Women

â€Å"The Hollywood film industry itself has been (and continues to be to a large extent) male-dominated. Hence, male directors, producers, writers, and cinematographers all use the camera as an instrument to look at women. † (Benshoff, pg. 235) Gender also plays a large responsibility in the film industry when pertaining to what females can and can not do in films. Male characters are usually main characters and â€Å"in charge† within films, whereas the female characters are usually limited to just looking pretty while still remaining passive and somewhat outside of all the action within the story. Women today feel a large amount of pressure to look and behave like these female actresses portrayed on the big screen. With the preparation of these films women usually take a very long time in hair and make-up for the sole purpose of looking attractive and gaining more male attention in the films. Many females fail to realize how much time and preparation really goes into the looks and costume designs of the characters that are being portrayed within the film industry. In today’s society female’s feel as though they have to be beautiful and live up to a certain stereotype and â€Å"look† that is extremely unrealistic. Related essay: Pestle Analysis for Odeon Cinema Real Women Have Curves (2002)† was a film directed by Patricia Cardoso that challenges the representation of all women in society. Although the film is about a first generation Mexican-American female struggling with her family’s beliefs, her future, culture, and body, it reaches all female viewers with the same powerful message. The message is that all females can be empowered and should be proud of who they are and where they come from. Most importantly females should be proud of their bodies and not try to live up to the unlikely images that our American culture has welded for us today. Another film and director that challenged the male dominated movie industry was Susan Seidelman with her 1985 low-budget ($5million) film â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan. † â€Å"†¦Seidelman doesn’t glamorize women at the expense of men. In fact, her strongest affinity is with desperate, aggressive women who never stop hustling. † (Levy, pg. 356) Her film â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan† looks at contemporary issues of fame, self fulfillment, and social relationships, as well as personal identity. The film is about a petite New Jersey housewife named Roberta, who is bored, unsatisfied, and tired of her marriage routine life at home. She then begins to read the personals section of the New York newspaper for vicarious thrills and entertainment. Her favorite classified to read is one that features the romance of Jim who is a struggling musician and Susan who is a free-spirited single woman living her life in Soho New York. Susan had just recently escaped her ex boyfriend who was a mobster and stole a pair of very expensive Egyptian earrings. One bored day when Roberta reads the classified section she sees the ad â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan† and decides to follow Susan and Jim. The reasoning as to why Roberta decided to take this extreme measure is because this was a way for her to escape her daily average life and become someone else for a day. The film then takes an unexpected turn and becomes all about reinvention as the housewife Roberta unknowingly with amnesia transforms herself into the wild and care-free character of Susan. There were a number of different codes within the film â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)† that made it easier to understand its viewpoint. Some of the cultural codes recognized within the film include cultural, narrative, artistic, cinematic, and intertexual. The film took place during the 1980’s in a small suburban town in New Jersey as well as New York City. The characters of Roberta and Gary Glass are individuals being represented as members of an upper middle class society living in New Jersey. We know that they are upper middle class because of the context clues and dialogue that we see within the movie. We hear Mr. Glass tell his wife â€Å"what are we poor? † when he tells her that she bought a used jacket that used to belong to Jimi Hendrix. Roberta is a bored, full-time housewife and he is a hardworking husband. As the film continues we meet the other main character who is a fun loving, care-free, gold digging, woman named Susan from New York. The film is told through the eyes of the main character, which is a repressed and bored housewife named Roberta. The story is also partially told through the eyes of Susan the carefree and stylish woman from New York. The story is also told through the eyes of Roberta’s worried husband Gary and her love interest Dez. The film â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan† was very creative and original. Some of the artistic codes within the film include the music in which is exceedingly upbeat and perfect for the time period of the 80’s. The clothing design within the film is extremely important and relevant to the development of Robert’s character. â€Å"Susan’s individualized pyramid jacket signifies her unconventional personal style and her fluency in innovating her own look. The jacket binds the two women together. Susan’s trading of looks shows her competence in putting together an always evolving and eccentric look, while Roberta’s purchase of the (second hand) jacket is part of her adventure and escape. † (Street, pg. 1) The costumes in the film stated the socio-economic status of the main characters and the time period. At the beginning of the film we acknowledge Roberta well dressed with a suburban flare and we also noticed Susan dressed as a stylish, upbeat, rocker. (Complete Opposites! ) The genre of the film â€Å"Desperately Seeking Susan† was comedy, drama, and romance because of its portrayal. The film portrays comedic humor with the mistaken identity of two polar opposites Roberta and Susan. Their journey is a comedic mystery and we never know what will happen next as Roberta searches for adventure and Susan hunts for the stolen Egyptian earring. The film also depicts drama with all of the confusion and an intense romance between Roberta and Jim. In conclusion, the film industry is particularly male dominated. However, there are more female directors, producers, etc. like Susan Seidelman and Patricia Cardoso who are making a remarkable change. These females are making films with predominately female casts, and with messages of strength, personal identity, social relationships and self- fulfillment. They’re challenging the film business and changing perceptions of women everywhere.

Fashion Marketing Management - Hugo Boss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fashion Marketing Management - Hugo Boss - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Marketing Management - Hugo Boss" discovers the marketing and management in Hugo Boss. The brand of the company includes BOSS which is the core brand of the company and HUGO that is the trendy brand associated with BOSS. Consumer groups from different cultures and backgrounds are targeted by the company, where the customers are offered wide-ranging products including classic-modern business wear, elegant evening and relaxed casual fashion, shoes and leather accessories, licensed fragrances, eyewear, watches, children’s fashion and motorcycle helmets. The recognition of the company as one of the leading fashion houses in the world has been supported by the company’s exhaustive marketing activities and participation in funding of sport and other cultural events. The company has its focus not only on traditional practices of advertising and promotion, but it also experiments new marketing activities that are targeted towards its customer groups. The prod ucts of the company are made available in around 124 countries across the world. There are more than 6,100 selling points for the products of the company from where customers can avail them. The stores are maintained both by the group itself as well as by franchise partners. The success of the company can be reflected from the sales and performance of the company in the year 2012 that present positive results for the company supported by increasing sales figures. The increase in sales has been reported in all the regions.

The Aquilar and Sahagun Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Aquilar and Sahagun Culture - Essay Example The account of the Spanish conquest and contradictory opinions on the role of small pox and virgin soil displays how personal interests, ethnic biases and political thoughts can largely influence the outcome and historical understanding of historical events. The Spanish account of the Mexican conquest is intertwined in propagating Spanish prowess and strategies leading to their victory. In many Spanish memoirs, the concentration is settled on how the Spanish employed tactical strategies with extraordinary technology to conquer the Aztec empire. More often than not, Spanish conquer of the Aztec is largely premised on the introduction of smallpox in Mexico in what is commonly referred to as â€Å"Black slave†, with the subject appearing in most of the Spanish chronicles and historical memoirs as having spread from Tepeaca, towards Tlaxcala and finally to Tenochtitlan. (Schwartz, 2000) Arising from the devastating effects of smallpox, Mexican populations died and reduced considerably, neighboring towns of Mexico were enveloped and, ruling elites ravaged while their diplomatic and military cadres abated. Moreover, Schwartz (2000) has also supported that the Spanish view holds that while the Spanish mainly used the Mexicans as slaves and laborers, they were made to believe that the Spanish were gods, who would then take advantage of the opportunity to conquer the Mexicans. Nevertheless, there is progressive emphasis on the deadly firearms, snort, and armored horses used by the Spanish as having aided their victory in the war. On the other hand, alternative opinions on the events that led to the victory present a different approach to the Aztec defeat. The work of Franciscan Friar Bernardino de Sahagun for instance, holds out conspicuously representing a natives view on the accounts of the events. The Sahagun hypothesis posits an excessive and deliberate Spanish

Protestantism and Catholicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Protestantism and Catholicism - Essay Example Other significant concerns expressed by Martin Luther entailed the notion that there were fundamental ideological differences between the religious truths as Martin Luther saw it and the doctrine of the Catholic Church. These differences included the notion of purgatory, particular judgment, devotion to Mary, the intercession of the saints, most of the sacraments, and the authority of the Pope.1 These ideological differences led to a split within the Catholic Church. This split effectively led to the creation of the Protestant Church as well as a difference in the way in which both churches set out to negotiate with the popular culture of the time. This paper will focus on these differences and illuminate the underlying causes of contention. First and foremost, in order to conceptualize the difference between Catholicism and Protestantism with regards to the negotiation of popular culture it is prudent that we discuss the basic tenets of the two religions. Most importantly, the fundamental religious beliefs of Catholics are those that have been derived from the New Testament and are symbolized through the many sacraments. The most fundamental belief is one that entails the notion that there is a holy trinity and the deity consists of three divine persons-God the father, the son and the Holy Ghost.2 Within the Catholic Church there is a central belief that God came into being as a direct result of the incarnation of his Son. Within the Catholic tradition there is an emphasis on sacraments. Essentially, there are seven sacraments. These sacraments include Baptism, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Confirmation, Marriage, Holy Orders and Anointing of the Sick. The Sacraments are essentially ceremonies which highlight what is impo rtant, sacred and significant in the lives of Catholics. Of these sacraments, the Baptism and the Eucharist have special prominence in that the Baptism is the sacramental entry into religious life for Catholics and the Eucharist is the symbolic memorial of the death and subsequent resurrection of Christ. Another important sacrament is that of the Reconciliation wherein Catholics are given absolution from their sins through the process of confession.3 The Protestant Reformation era represents a split within the Catholic Church and the emergence of the Protestant Church as a corrective action for dealing with what Martin Luther and other reformists felt were inherent flaws within Christianity. First and foremost, the official start of the reformation can be seen in 1517 when Martin Luther, an ex-communicated monk, produced his ninety-five theses which delineated his repugnance at the fact that there was a systematic abuse of papal power. This abuse was most evident in the sale of indulgences by Pope Leo X as a means of raising funds for the construction of the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.4 This action served to infuriate an already furious Martin Luther who was essentially appalled at the fact that the powers afforded the Pope continued to expand and had become such that the Catholic Church not only asserted its influence on the mundane existence of its constituents but its influence was now evident in the determination of the qua lity of after-life afforded to believers. Essentially, his main contention involved the fact that faith had taken a diminished role while good acts were given a more prominent role. The notion of one buying his/her way into heaven was one that disturbed Luther who

Managing Organizational Change Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Organizational Change - Term Paper Example Through this report the necessity of a change in organization will be uncovered. Along with it the forces which are responsible for the change will be also identified. Once the requirement of a change is identified the most important task is to implement it successfully. Change is a continuous process and involves several stages. A successful change passes through a number of sequential stages. In simple words, change is defined as the way of making things different. In the context of an organization, change is considered as inevitable. Nowadays, organizations operate in a dynamic business environment and to get adapted with the situation they are forced to implement changes in their system (El-Farra & Badawi, 2012, p.161). The major forces of change in an organization are mainly technological factor, political factor, economical factor, legal factor, social factor, and most importantly the labor market environment (Lewis, 2011, p.5). According to Barney & Griffin (1992), the primary rationale behind the poor performance and reduced productivity of an organization is the failure of the managers to properly identify required change. Therefore to some extent change within organizations is necessary otherwise the organizations may find it difficult to survive in the marketplace. Throughout the world organizations have to deal with certain internal resistance which prohibits the implementation of change. Therefore managing the change or properly implementing the change within the organization is of utmost importance. This report will highlight the rationale behind the organizational change. Apart from that the forces which are responsible for making the changes will also be highlighted. In addition, the project will also shed light on the type of changes, the resistances to changes and how the change can be properly managed and sustained. Finally, based on the findings from the study a conclusion will be drawn. Rationales behind Organizational Change Change is important for any organization as without any change, businesses are likely to lose the competitive edge and eventually fail to meet the needs of the customers. The principal rationale of an organization to embrace change in their current state is mainly the customer needs, economical impact, and growt h opportunities among others. Economical Impact: - Economy can impact an organization, both in a positive and negative way. Increasing demand and a strong economy indicates that the company needs to expand thereby facilitating a change in the organization. Customer Needs: - Companies need to change their strategies in order to meet the multi dimensional need of the customers. Opportunities of Growth: - One of the most significant rationales behind implementing change in organizations is the opportunity of growth. Employees are able to learn new skills, and can explore opportunities in order to exercise their creativity. This in turn helps organizations to increase their productivity (Hagel, 2002, p.18). Forces of Organizational Change Organizations change due to a number of forces operating in its environment. The forces are both internal as well as external to the organization. Any change in these factors

Grammar Errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grammar Errors - Essay Example However, the phrase fails to portray the emphasis on open-ended assessments. To correct this, the author would have used the phrase â€Å"centered on† to indicate that open-ended assessments are the main focus of the grading cycle. Similarly, the title of the book ‘More Perfect Unions’ by Davis captures the attention of the reader but fails in grammar (Davis cover page). The correct title would have been â€Å"Perfect Unions†, since perfection is absolute. It is not possible to have a better object than a perfect one, thus, the phrase â€Å"more perfect† is wrong. Lacquaniti et al. explore malnutrition in elderly people diagnosed with kidney problems who are on dialysis (Lacquaniti, Bolignano and Campo 240). The authors note that â€Å"Numerous hormonal and depletive elements concur in the pathogenesis of malnutrition, and while some can be ascribed to dialysis itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The authors give the wrong meaning of the sentence, since they want to point out that dialysis can cause malnutrition but there is another causative factor. The word â€Å"while† should, therefore, be replaced with the word â€Å"although† to portray that both are risk factors in malnutrition, but the others are the main causes. In the book ‘Lecturing: A Practical Guide’, Brown and Race use the term â€Å"enthuse† to indicate how students can be trained to enjoy a lecture (Brown and Race 11). The use of the word enthuse, however, does not portray the urgency of the training. A better way would be to use the term â€Å"motivate†, which indicates the need to excite the students.

Art History Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art History Writing - Assignment Example These paintings were oil based and mostly portrait. The influence of religion on the approach used by the artist of the era in the presentation of their ideas is evident from the type of pictures and paintings produced. Both the sculptures and painting of the era comprised of beautiful figures moving gracefully in multi-figure compositions conveying humanity and the perfection of God. Despite the growing influence of the Italian renaissance humanism, it was not able to influence artists outside Italy (Kleiner 589). Therefore, artists in Europe were not influenced by the humanism approach employed in the art from Italy. Northern painters travelled to Rome and are known as Romanists because they were influenced by the works of Michelangelo and exhibited the stylistic tendencies of mannerism. The northern renaissance in northern Europe was not influenced by the Italian renaissance but was closely linked with the protestant reformation. The series of internal and external conflicts between the Roman Catholic Church and the protestant groups had a lasting effect on the type of art developed in northern Europe. In contrast to the 1500 to 1600 art, the 1700 t0 1800 art was comprised of the concept of enlightenment. The frivolous paintings of Fragonard and the politically charged moralizing images of David influenced art (Kleiner 583). The leadership of the king of France who ruled by divine light and the development of the enlightenment thinkers indicates a change from the 1600 art. The art of the era was defined by Neo-classicism, which included the support of the revolution. It exhibited movement from the roman art that proceeded the era, which contributed significantly to the characteristics of the art depicted by Mona Lisa painting, and other paintings related to Christianity. In fact, the roman art was based on religion and the perfection of God and the role of spirituality in changing the behaviors of people with the focus being on the nature of

Impact of Party Drugs on the Youth Culture Essay Example for Free

Impact of Party Drugs on the Youth Culture Essay Adolescence refers to the age group from 14 to 26 years. Ten percent of this age group use party drugs (Bennett, 2003). According to Arnett (2004) , this period of development is distinguished by five characteristics: identity exploration, instability, self-focus, a feeling of in-between and possibilities (Arnett, 2004, pg. 14). It is against these five characteristics that the impact of party drugs on the youth culture will be assessed. This essay will explore how the characteristics of adolescence place teenagers at risk from drug experimentation and how the perception of policy makers will influence the community’s response to the problem. The exploration of identity involves having a range of experiences that provides the adolescent with the means to assess the possibilities for the purpose of formulating a distinctive self-image. To do this requires that the teenager have a range of experiences that seem distinct from those experienced through their parents. This journey of exploration results in an introverted focus on self and a sense of becoming, of being caught in the middle. In the individualised cultures of western societies, this transition involves a separation from parents and the construction of an independent self-sufficient identity (Arnett, 2004). The instability can often manifest in ‘risky behaviours’. Although adolescence is a time for the construction of a unique self identity, it is also a time when a sense of belonging is engendered through common cultural construction. One subset of this cultural construction is the rave party scene that is a global phenomenon of the youth subculture (Shapiro, 1999). A rave party is often a large gathering of young people in an atmosphere where there is music and laser lights. This sub-culture is linked to the drug culture through party drugs such as ecstasy and ketamine. The effect of these drugs is to create a sense of wellbeing and a feeling of lightness. The choice to take drugs is an individual one and is part of the desire to escape from the pressures of adolescence. The rave party by its very nature is essentially a form of escape. What then are adolescences escaping from? The very nature of adolescence: the sense of being without identity, the lack of a mental framework to manage the adult world and the pressures of identity construction, create tensions in the person. This escapism is not confined to adolescences as many adults abuse alcohol and amphetamines as a means of escaping the pressures of the adult world. For many users, taking the drug is part of the risk behaviour of adolescence that has the pay-off of feelings of well-being. They do not se themselves as drug users as they do not view their use of party drugs as being a problem. This normalises drug use and makes it difficult for agencies to intervene (Duff, 2003). It is wrong however to assume that all users are escaping from something. One of the features of adolescence is the search for identity and self meaning. This search behaviour creates a heightened sense of curiosity in adolescents as they seek to make sense of self. This curiosity can evolve unconsciously to drug abuse through prolonged use as a result of the uplifting effects of the first experience. The need to fund the regular purchase of the drug can lead into dealing. Bad experiences often will not cause a rejection of the drug as these pale against the many pleasures that the individual has experienced. The chain of events can have dire consequences for the individual as a health problem becomes a criminal problem. The long term destruction that criminalisation of drugs causes to young people is good reason to see drug abuse as a health problem. Within party drug users there are the same segments that are feature of any drug user cross section. Some users abuse the drug and are at risk from overdose and dehydration. Others are more controlled and cautious in their use. This group is at risk from being unable to identify the ingredients of the drug that they are purchasing. One of the key problems with party drugs is the inability for the buyer to know the ingredients contained in the drug that they are purchasing (VAAD, 2003). Users of party drugs will tend to repeat their use on a regular basis. According to Baxter (2003) users are concerned that there is no means of determining the purity and reducing the level of risk. Males tend to use party drugs more frequently than females. This tends to indicate that there is greater gender difference where males are less risk averse. This trend is declining as more and more females are using party drugs. This trend reflects the emancipation of women and a stronger sense of independence amongst adolescent women. The traditional delineation of the rite of passage for the male and the female have become blurred in modern society. Women will often use drugs to challenge the traditional perceptions of their role in society. Within the community, there are people that see drug abuse as being criminal while others see it as a social and health problem. The criminal perspective adopts a punishment solution with rehabilitation. Such a position can have a long term effect on the individual due to problems faced with travel and employment. Community response is to increase policing and to use strategies such as sniffer dogs in public and undercover police at venues to catch the suppliers and users. Police raids will be conducted on rave parties. Such an approach marginalises the rave culture and runs the risk of impairing the social development of the individual. The perspective that sees the issue as a health issue seeks to develop preventative programmes that educate people. Greater understanding is sought for the motivation of young people for taking drugs through social research. Strategies for assisting at risk people are developed that provides for free, readily available access to health care and treatment. The health professional will often argue for the decriminalisation of the drug so that it can be obtained in a controlled manner and the purity of the product guaranteed. When considered against the characteristics of adolescence as provided by Arnett (2004), this approach appears to be the least detrimental to the social and personal development of the adolescent. Government programs, such as Ravesafe, adopt this approach. One of the prime reasons that this approach should prevail is that party drugs are seen by the user as being catalysts for self reflection and construction of identity. Their sense of self and social relationships results in a positive self-image which may be in contradiction to how they feel when in the adult world. The party drug tends to alleviate insecurity and doubt. Research has shown that there might be some overflow from the atmosphere of the rave party to real life. The need for early intervention arises from the research findings that drug abuse is often a precursor for youth suicide, crime and metal illness (VAAD, 2003). Interventionist strategies will view drug use as a problem which immediately places the interventionist in opposition to the youth culture. The clash between the pleasures of the drug and the potential harm of the drug creates a generational clash (Duff, 2003). To deal with the issue it is necessary to accept the reality of use and work on fostering environments that support safe use. If this is provided then it will reduce the ‘trial and error’ approach that is a feature of the risk behaviour of adolescents. VAAD (2003) found that the problem can be best solved through drug education that must resist seeing the youth culture as a homogeneous group. Adolescents involved in the rave scene come from a wide variety of backgrounds (Shapiro, 1999). Because there is little understanding of the attitudes of youth subgroups within the rave scene it is necessary for more research to be done (Baxter, 2003). In this way the content and approach of the drug education programme can directly appeal to the target segment. This will help in a more receptive response from the target group. In conclusion, the developmental characteristics of adolescence creates a natural disposition towards drug experimentation amongst some segments of teenagers. Party drugs are often seen as being part of the scene that assist in the integration of the individual with both self and the group that they belong to. Drug use can be used by the female gender to reconstruct identity. Given these features, the perspective that drug use should be a criminal offence resulting in punishment and long term consequences for the individual seems self defeating. The view that drug abuse has the potential to be a health problem will result in a community response that is more supportive to the individual. The safety of the drug can be established and the social stigma placed on adolescents can be removed. Social policy needs to consider the developmental characteristics of adolescence in its construction.

Dairy Industry Of Pakistan Marketing Essay

Dairy Industry Of Pakistan Marketing Essay The dairy industry of Pakistan is a very competitive industry and has huge potential. Unfortunately, dairy processors in Pakistan still have miles to cover before they can exploit full benefits of this industry. The milk production of the country has not been up to the mark and as a result the demand for dairy products outweighs the supply. Traditionally, people living in urban areas preferred to consume fresh milk delivered to their homes by Gawallas. However with the passage of time, as people became more and more health conscious there was a shift towards the consumption of UHT milk and its demand has been increasing ever since. In the UHT milk segment, firms like Nestle Pakistan Limited and Engro Foods Limited have emerged as leading market players. These firms with their bundle of financial resources have made huge investments in getting state of the art technology, manpower and strengthening their promotion efforts. Despite the fact that local dairy processing industries have b een able to match the quality standards of Nestle and Engro to a greater extent, these firms lack in their marketing efforts. Noon Pakistan Limited is one such firm which is being effected due to poor marketing efforts and has not been able to reap the benefits of the industry in which it operates. Noon Pakistan Limited is a venture of the Noon Family and has been marketing its products under the brand name of Nurpur. The firm enjoys market leadership in the category of butter. Initially when the firm launched its UHT milk the market response was good. However with the passage of time, the brand performance of Nurpur UHT milk has deteriorated due to mismanagement of marketing efforts. While management claims that they are able to sell whatever they produce, the market survey results prove that the prevailing performance of the brand has not been up to the mark. The firm relies on the selling concept which is a short term approach and little emphasis is being given to the concept of brand building. It is the need of the hour that Noon Pakistan Limited adopts a long term strategic approach if it wants to secure its position in the market for years to come. To study the issue being faced by Noon Pakistan Limited, a rigorous Literature review was conducted followed by interviews with employees of the firm, retailers and consumer surveys. Financial analysis and comparison with Nestle and Engro was done. Even though Noon Pakistan Limited does not match the financial strength of its competitors, there are many ways in which the firm can improve its position in the market. The first step in building strong brands is to ensure that the brand has a high salience. The brand should have top of the mind recall and recognition. Unfortunately the survey results analyzed using SPSS software proved that Nurpur milk is not the first brand which comes to the mind when a consumer wants to purchase UHT milk. Majority of the respondents could not even recall any advertisements of Nurpur milk. A major proportion of the respondents also highlighted the fact that Nurpur milk was occasionally short in the market. The results of the retailer interviews also prove that Noon Pakistan Limited has to improve its trade promotion schemes as majority of the retailers were not satisfied with current distribution practices of the company. The retailers highlighted the fact that the company should improve its promotion activities so that consumers start demanding Nurpur milk. Due to weak financial resources, Noon Pakistan Limited should utilize alternative strategies to maintain its position in the market. The firm needs to invest in consumer promotion activities like in store sampling and taste trials. The firm also needs to focus on its BTL activities in order to strengthen the perceptual positioning of the brand in consumer mind. The firm needs to revise its payment policies with retailers and start providing goods on a credit basis to those retailers who have a good reputation in the market. In short, Noon Pakistan Limited should revise its current practices and operations. The firm should let go its old concept of selling and instead focus on building the equity of its brands if it wants to strengthen its position in the market for the future. 2.INTRODUCTION The Noon Group The Noon Group of Companies is being managed by the Noon family. The group has qualified and experienced professionals. The Noon Group of Pakistan strives to improve its profitability and safeguard its stakeholders interest while maintaining highest quality standards and serving the community (About Us: Nurpur Foods, 2012). The Noon Group of Companies has various business ventures and Noon Pakistan Limited is one such profitable venture of the Group. Apart from Noon Pakistan Limited a brief description of the other business ventures are as follows:- 1. Noon Sugar Mills Limited This venture was incorporated in 1964 and manufactures white sugar. Initial crushing capacity was 1500 MT of sugarcane which has been increased to 4000 MT over the passage of time. In 1986 an alcohol distillery was setup to manufacture industrial alcohol. The total number of people employed is 683 and currently efforts are underway to increase the crushing capacity to 8000 MT/day (About Us: Nurpur Foods, 2012). 2. Pioneer Cement Limited Pioneer Cement Limited was incorporated in 1985 with a total investment of Rs.2660 million and production capacity of 630000 tons per annum. The plant is situated in Chenki, Khushab. The project was financed by a consortium of foreign lenders led by the Asian Development Bank. Efforts are underway for another line having a capacity of 6000 MT/day (About Us: Nurpur Foods, 2012). 3. Noon International Private Limited Noon International Private Limited is a trading company which was established in 1972. The company employs 43 people including a team of 15 professional sales engineers. This firm represents various international companies of repute in Pakistan and markets their equipment in the fields of textile, power generation, sugar, fertilizer, chemical, steel, cement, food and milling (About Us: Nurpur Foods, 2012). 4. Textile Technics Private Limited Incorporated in 2004 with a total investment of Rs 100 million, Textile Technics is a joint venture between M/S Blue Reed of Spain and Noon International Private Limited. The project has a production capacity of 22000 meters of reed per annum (About Us: Nurpur Foods, 2012). 5. Textile Services Textile Services was established in 1994 and provides services to over 200 customers of Sulzer Textile Projectile Weaving Machines. The company employs 32 people and provides training, technical service and spare parts for clients (About Us: Nurpur Foods, 2012). Noon Pakistan Limited Incorporated in 1966 with a total investment of 553 million, Noon Pakistan Limited produces various products namely Butter, Cheese, UHT milk, HCLF, Pasteurized milk, Flavored milk, Juices, Water, Desi ghee, Honey and Jam. Installed capacity of the plant is 72000 Liters/2 shifts and there are 700 employees. Noon Pakistan Limited has been marketing its products under the brand name of Nurpur. The plant is located in Bhalwal, Sargodha while the head office is situated in Lahore (About Us: Nurpur Foods, 2012). The company has not only built a strong reputation over the past years but has also been able to offer a strong product portfolio to its consumers. Noon Pakistan Limited believes in optimum utilization of resources in order to secure the interests of major stakeholders and fulfilling its obligation as a responsible corporate citizen by serving the community. The company also utilizes rigorous quality control procedures at all stages to ensure supply of quality products to consumers. This has allowed the firm to increase its turnover from Rs 311.7 million in 2004 to Rs 2436.41 million in 2011 (Company Profile: Nurpur Foods, 2012). The year 2011 was a challenging year for Noon Pakistan Limited. Energy Crisis, security situation coupled with devastating floods had exerted significant pressure on the economy and cost of living. Higher inflationary trends continued impacting their key products particularly related to fresh milk when shortages led to a cost increase of 16% compared to last year. Additionally, higher growth of their products led to severe filling capacity constraints and the market demand could not be met fully. Despite all these challenges, the management made serious efforts to achieve performance objectives by effective product mix, controlling fixed costs and locating new cheaper sources of raw material. Economic trends, prolonged gas and electricity outages, severe competition in selling brands and procurement of raw milk are not expected to ease out during the coming months. Due to reduced buying power, trend in the market is changing fast as consumers are looking for cheaper products in small packages. Therefore the management at Noon Pakistan Limited has made plans to reassess the market requirements and also further improve their production efficiency (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011). Vision The vision statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Our vision at Nurpur is to be a transformative force in our community and world at large and to serve as a model of a sustainable business alternative that nurtures social and economic well being in an environmentally sensitive manner (Our Vision: Nurpur Foods, 2012). Mission The mission statement of Noon Pakistan Limited is as follows:- Nurpur is committed to supplying the consumer and customer with the finest, high quality products and to be a leading industry in healthy and nutritious products. Nurpur supports these goals with a corporate philosophy of adhering to the highest ethical conduct in all its business dealings, treatment of its employees, and social and environmental policies (Our Mission: Nurpur Foods, 2012). Core Values At Noon Pakistan Limited, consumers are at the forefront of everything they do. The core values of the company include the generation of Ideas that can be constantly challenged to develop next generation solutions, to conduct business openly and fairly while competing fiercely at the same time, to encourage teamwork with individual flairs, to set tough goals that can be challenged and beaten, to value preservation of the environment and ensure sustainability of organic agriculture, to value mutually supportive relationships among members of local and global communities (Core Values: Nurpur Foods, 2012). Awards and Certifications Noon Pakistan Limited has won many prestigious awards and certifications which are First dairy company in Pakistan to be certified under ISO 22000:2005, Brand of the year award (2006-07) in the category of Butter, Brand of the year award (2007-08) in category of Butter, Cheese and flavored milk and Brand of the year award (2008-09) in the category of Butter (Certifications: Nurpur Foods, 2012). Three years production snapshot PRODUCTION UNITS 2011 2010 2009 UHT Milk/Tea whitener Liters 30,940,079 20,385,290 16,246,333 UHT Flavored milk Liters 4,668,071 4,075,407 2,498,299 UHT Cream Liters 71,381 461,722 345,580 Butter Kilograms 986,335 1,011,925 862,622 Milk powder Kilograms 927,943 1,160,508 930,894 Cheese Kilograms 203,146 206,508 194,020 Ghee Kilograms 34,371 52,190 31,331 Pasteurized Milk Liters 4,911,778 2,663,294 1,806,733 Loose cream Liters 3,490 Jams and honey Kilograms 34,032 42,812 23,735 Juices Liters 4,421,399 10,341,160 10,402,443 Adapted from the Annual Report (Noon Pakistan Limited, 2011). The production snapshot over the years shows that the production of UHT milk/Tea whitener, UHT flavored milk and Pasteurized milk has increased from 2009-11 while the production of UHT cream, Butter, Milk Powder, Cheese, Ghee, Jams and Juices has decreased from 2009-11. Loose cream was discontinued in the year 2011. The focus of the firm remains on strengthening its position in the UHT milk segment. The Purchase Department To study the operations of the Purchase Department, two interviews were conducted with the Purchase Manager. The findings of the interviews have been utilized to describe the function of the Purchase Department. The purchase department is responsible for purchasing all materials required by the head office and plant other then milk which is purchased at the milk collection centre in Bhalwal. Materials which are purchased by the department range from ordinary items like office and plant stationary to complex materials like Flavors, Spare parts for plant equipment and transportation vehicles, Chemicals, Fuel and everything related to the manufacturing process, Logistics and day to day operations. Demand for requisition comes from the factory and approval has to be given by the Managing Director. The purchase department currently has 4-5 employees. The purchase department stays in coordination with the plant and suppliers through phone and email and as such no software is currently being used by the department. The department uses a manual system of keeping records and storing files. The purchase department always keeps 3 copies of requisitions and delivery challans. One copy is sent to the pla nt, one copy is maintained with the purchase department and one copy is kept by the Purchase Manager. The major suppliers of Noon Pakistan Limited are SMC, Sitara Chemicals , Jason Foods and Danisco. Everyone is involved in the purchase process including the General Manager, Purchase Manager and people from the plant. Payments to suppliers are made either on cash or credit through the head office. Credit terms depend on contacts and relations with suppliers and can range from 15 days up to a month. According to the Purchase Manager, Noon Pakistan Limited believes in maintaining healthy relations with Suppliers and this is one of the key strengths of the department. The primary reason given for this was that Juices and Milk factories in Pakistan have no second option since suppliers are limited and few. They have to purchase materials from the specified suppliers and bargaining power of suppliers is high in this regard. However if relations are good with suppliers not only do supplie rs cooperate but may also be lenient in terms of credit. In this regard price does not play a major issue but a greater issue is that of availability of materials from suppliers. The Purchase Manager also stated that in case of materials needed from local suppliers, the purchase department is given no time and purchase has to be made immediately. However when imported materials are required from foreign suppliers, the Purchase department is informed in advance as shipping takes time. There is no fixed pattern of purchases made throughout the year and it all depends on plant and market requirements. The quality of materials purchased is checked at the plant and if there are defects the merchandise is returned to the supplier. The Purchase Manager also stated that there is no HR department as such and the performance of the purchase department is monitored from the plant and by the Managing Director (Ashraf, 2012). DELIVERY CHALLAN Noon Pakistan Limited 1st Floor, Mustafa Centre, 45 F, Main Market, Gulberg Lahore Pakistan No._______ Date:_________ To, Manager, Noon Pakistan Limited, Bhalwal The following goods have been dispatched to you by Truck No_____________ SR# Description Qty. Amount Supplier Remarks Kindly Sign and Return Duplicate ____________________ _________________ Malik Mohammed Ashraf Bhalwal Store Source: Company Internal Documents NOON PAKISTAN LIMITED, BHALWAL DEMAND OF STORE TO BE PURCHASED DEMAND NO______ DATE____________ SR# Item Code Nomenclature Specification Name A/U Qty Required Stock in Hand Last Purchase Date Rate/Unit Amount Remarks ____________ _______________ Store Manager General Manager Source: Company Internal Documents The Marketing Department To study the operations of the Marketing Department of the firm, two interviews were conducted with the Marketing Manager. Marketing research activities are outsourced. The Marketing Department purchases monthly reports from different marketing research agencies like AC Nielson and Tetra Pak. In this way the marketing department stays in touch with the latest trends and competitor activities. The Marketing department comprises of one marketing manager and a brand manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Marketing and Sales while activities of the brand manager are monitored by the marketing manager. The brand manager is responsible for dealing with various agencies as all marketing research data and ATL as well as BTL activities are outsourced. Some of the agencies with which the marketing department works are SABB Marketing, Time and Space, Orient, HRK Communications, Aura Communications, TOPAZ Communications and ADZ Communications. These agencies prepare designs of print ads and commercials. The brand manager discusses the various designs with the Marketing Manager and after mak ing necessary amendments and recommendations approval is given to Marketing agencies. The Marketing Department does its planning in the beginning of the year in coordination with the Sales Department. A monthly, yearly and 5 year plan is made. The Marketing Department is consulted in all strategic decisions made at the corporate level. There is no fixed method for determining the budget allocated to the Marketing Department and it all depends on various factors like last years profitability and market performance of various brands available in the market. In 2012, three new brands by the name of Yogo Yogo, Dairy Rozana and Jalwa have been launched. The Marketing Strategy of Noon Pakistan Limited is Differentiation strategy. However the strategy to be adopted for each brand depends on the market performance and competitor activities. Since UHT milk is difficult to differentiate, the current strategy being adopted is to position it as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development. The target market of UHT milk is Housewives and working females as well as males. Different SKUs are being used to target different Socio Economic Classes like the 1000ml pack is targeted for SEC-A while the 200ml and 250ml packs are targeted towards low income households. The main competitor brands of Nurpur Milk are Olpers, Milk Pak, Good Milk and Haleeb. The marketing department does not go for an offensive strategy because Nestle and Engro are huge giants with bundle of resources. Noon Pakistan Limited can be classified as an Analyzer because it is operating both in a stable and dynamic market. Another reason for not adopting an offensive strategy is that volumes are low. Importance is not given to gain shelf space because production volumes are so low and everything sells out due to high demand of UHT milk. Recently a new brand by the name of Dairy Rozana has been launched as a flanker brand to compete with the Dairy Omung of Engro. The main weak ness of the Marketing Department is that very little attention is being paid towards building brand equity. The department is focusing on increasing sales which is a short term approach rather than focusing on building their brands (Khan, 2012). Organizational Chart of the Marketing Department Source: Internal Company Documents The Brand Manager is responsible for dealing with various Marketing Agencies and reports to the Marketing Manager. The Marketing Manager reports to the General Manager of Sales and Marketing (Khan, 2012). The Sales Department Two interviews were conducted with the Sales Analyst of the firm to get insights regarding the operations of the Sales Department. The organizational structure of the Sales Department comprises of the General Manager of Sales and Marketing, National Sales Manager, Regional Sales Manager, Area Sales Manager, Field Managers and Sales Officers. The job description of the Field Manager and Sales Officer is the same but position of Field Manager is superior because those Sales Officers whose performance is consistently outstanding are made Field Managers. Territories have been assigned according to location and comprises of Central Zone, Southern Punjab zone and Northern zone which includes RWL/AJK, Hazara belt and Pakhtoon.K belt. Distribution is limited in Quetta and Multan because of heavy freight expenses. The process of forecasting yearly sales is that last years closing sales are doubled and the amount is set as the Sales Target for the next year. Sales Quotas are assigned to Salesmen depending on the Area and potential of salesman. Other factors which are taken into account while assigning quotas are the seaso nality issue because milk production and its demand fluctuates throughout the year. There are more than 280 distributors all over the country and each Sales Officer has to monitor and look after three to four distributors. The Sales department also relies on individual projections from the Sales Team when deciding upon monthly and quarterly targets. If a salesman is unable to achieve his target in the specified time, he has to achieve both, the remaining target as well as the target allocated in the next period. If targets are continuously not being achieved the Salesman is fired. The salesmen who achieve targets are awarded with bonuses and cash rewards. In order to motivate the sales team, a sales competition is held and winner of Sales Man of the Year is rewarded. Besides having a Sales competition, vacation trips are also planned to motivate the Sales Team. If targets set in the year 2012 are met, the entire Sales Team will go on a vacation to Dubai on the companys expenses. Noo n Pakistan Limited has also started exporting its products to countries like England, Kenya and Afghanistan. The documentation process to export products involves the Performa Invoice, E-Form Attestation, Commercial Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Origin and Analysis Report (Butt, 2012). Organizational Chart of Sales Department Source: Company Internal Documents Product Portfolio and Price List Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT Milk Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 2.Chai mix Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.38% 533 19.74 567 21 200ml 24 5.97% 385 16.04 408 17 3.Butter KGs Units KGs Units 200gm 30 8.00% 463 92.6 500 100 100gm 60 12.70% 488 48.8 550 55 50gm 120 13.20% 530 26.5 600 30 20gm 300 13.20% 530 10.6 600 12 10gm 600 13.20% 530 5.3 600 6 1Kg white 20 11.80% 8500 425 9500 475 4.Cheese Ctns Units Ctns Units 200gm cottage 42 9.10% 6930 165 7560 180 200gm slice 36 16.10% 5580 155 6480 180 225gm chedder 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm spicy 40 14.90% 5920 148 6800 170 225gm mozarella 40 14.60% 6980 174.5 8000 200 450gm chedder 20 13.40% 6880 344 7800 390 450gm mozarella 20 13.60% 8800 440 10000 500 1.8Kg mozarella 4 13.10% 5128 1282 5800 1450 1Kg slice 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 1Kg slice (KFC) 8 13.60% 5072 634 5760 720 2Kg Chedder 4 12.10% 3924 981 4400 1100 5.Cream P/Tray Units P/Tray Units 250ml 27 4.20% 1200 44.44 1250 46.3 6.Pasteurized milk P/Tray Liters P/Tray Liters 1000ml 10 11.70% 600 60 670 67 500ml 20 13.30% 600 30 680 34 7.Flavored milk Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 12 13.30% 233 19.42 264 22 200ml 12 12.10% 214 17.83 240 20 8.Pure juices Ctns Units Ctns Units Apple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Guava 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Orange 1000ml 12 7.10% 840 70 900 75 Pineapple 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Mango 1000ml 12 6.10% 792 66 840 70 Apple 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Orange 200ml 24 11.80% 322 13.42 360 15 Mango 200ml 24 15.40% 312 13 360 15 9.Yogo yogo Ctns Units Ctns Units 200ml 12 8.70% 276 23 300 25 10.Desi Ghee Ctns Units Ctns Units 1Kg 6 7.50% 2232 372 2400 400 11.Jams 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units Strawberry 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Apple 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Marmalade 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 Honey 15gm 600 14.30% 385 3.85 440 4.4 12.Dairy Rozana 1.5Kg Units 1.5Kg Units 1000ml 12 6.12% 735 61.25 780 65 250ml 27 6.11% 458 16.96 486 18 13.JALWA Ctns Units Ctns Units 250ml 27 6.21% 483 17.89 513 19 200ml 24 5.88% 340 14.17 360 15 Source: Company Internal Documents Marketing Mix of Nurpur UHT milk Nurpur UHT milk has been positioned as a milk which is enriched with vitamins needed for healthy growth and development (Khan, 2012). The milk is packed in Tetra Aseptic Packaging which allows long lasting storage and shelf space. Currently three SKUs are available in the market which are 200ml, 250ml and 1000ml. Initially the pricing policy adopted for Nurpur milk was market penetration pricing, which means prices were low compared to competing brands. Recently the pricing policy has been changed and now the pricing policy is competitive pricing policy as shown :- Product Packing Unit/Ctn Retailer Margin Trade Price Consumer Price 1.UHT MILK Ctns Units Ctns Units 1000ml 12 6.09% 1018 84.83 1080 90 200ml 24 4.35% 391 16.29 408 17 250ml 27 5.97% 586 21.7 621 23 Source: Company Internal Documents Due to low volumes produced the company has adopted the policy of selective distribution. The company offers various discounts to retailers to push their products into the market (Khan, 2012). The indirect distribution channel being used is shown below:- Source: Company Internal Documents Due to limited marketing budgets, the marketing department has to promote most of the products through Below The Line(BTL) activitie

UK Market Entry Strategy for a Mobile Phone Operator

UK Market Entry Strategy for a Mobile Phone Operator The introduction of mobile telephone service in the United Kingdom was launched in 1985 (BBC News, 2005), however the beginnings of this technology can be traced to its use by the Swedish police in 1946 when they tested a radiophone (Free-Definition, 2005). In terms of modern technology, Bell Labs, a division of ATT, pioneered cellular technology in 1947 and exited the market in 1984 as the company believed the market would not develop to the point of being viable (Wharton School of Business, 2000). Interestingly, ATT ten years later would pay McCaw Cellular Communications $12.6 billion to acquire a cellular phone operator (USD) (Wharton School of Business, 2000). The words ‘mobile phone’ represents a term that encompasses cellular, satellite as well as any type of phone that provides mobility on a wide range scale (Free-Definition, 2005). It must be remembered that today’s cellular technology is based upon radio wave transmission that successively was pioneered by (epanorama, 2005): James Clark Maxwell in 1864 with his electromagnetic radiation theory called ‘Maxwell Equations’. Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 when he invented the telephone. Heinrich Hertz in 1887 with his discovery of ‘hertzian waves’ that are today called ‘radio waves’. Guglielmo Marconi in 1896 who conducted the first radio transmission. Radio frequencies predominated the mobile telephone industry through the 1960’s until the unavailability of these frequencies resulted in the development of cell-based networks to solve the frequency congestion problem in the 1970’s. And while the first modern mobile telephone call is created to Motorola on 3/04/1973 when Martin Cooper placed the first call on the streets of New York to Bell Labs. The first cellular phone network was actually developed in 1981 by ‘Nordisk Mobil Telefon’ (NMT) which was based on analog technology (Free-Definition, 2005). The preceding is acknowledged as the beginning of the cellular telephone industry and the subsequent boom that exceeded all expectations. The cellular industry in the United Kingdom is currently dominated by the following four major companies (BBC News, 2005): Vodafone Orange T-Mobile, and 02 In the face of the preceding, British consumers have been lodging complaints about overcharging, coverage areas and dropped calls which has prompted easyGroup’s Stelios Haji-Ioannou, (easyMobile, 2005), Fresh and Virgin Atlantic’s Sir Richard Branson, among others to announce that they are entering the fray to better serve consumers. This new round of developments in Britain’s cellular industry is an outgrowth of inquiries by the United Kingdom’s Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) that announced that British cellular phone companies four largest operators were overcharging callers by as much as 15% (McDonough, 2003). The preceding has opened the door for new and smaller companies to respond to consumer complaints and the corresponding marketing platform to gain a foothold through new services. The growth of cellular telephone communications in terms of technology, services, companies, handsets and market penetration has increased in the short period of 20 years to the point where 85% of all United Kingdom households have mobile phones (Mobile Operators Association, 2005) which translates into 9 out of every 10 British consumers using a mobile telephone (BBC News, 2005). The convenience offered by cellular services has seen consumers increase their utilization rates to the point where the total number of minutes consumers made on cellular calls almost doubled during the period 2000 to 2004, from 34 million minutes to 62 billion minutes (Mobile Operators Association, 2005). The most important development is that in 2004 the revenues of mobile voice and data companies at  £12.3 billion exceeded fixed-line revenues for the first time in U.K. history (Mobile Operators Association, 2005). The preceding information is important in understanding the far reaching impact, importan ce and inculcation of the mobile telephone in today’s lifestyles, both in personal as well as business use. However, this unprecedented growth is not without its problems. Sir Richard Branson the charismatic owner and founder of the Virgin Group has stated that the mobile phone industry in the United Kingdom is â€Å"†¦rip-off Britain at work again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pearse, 1999) and that â€Å"†¦ hardly anyone is getting a good deal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pearse, 1999). His statements have been supported by such events as: 2001 â€Å"Regulators launch unannounced inspections in price-fixing investigation† (Broersma, 2001) 2001 â€Å"Mobile phone companies slammed for targeting children† (Wearden, 2001) As well as customer service, insurance costs, coverage, dropped calls, highly monthly rates, high per minute rates, roaming charges, 12 month contracts and billing practices. The free for all at the top of the cellular food chain has created customer dissatisfaction with the ‘big four’ and they are seeking alternative solutions to what was once a novelty. And therein lies one of the biggest shifts in consumer viewpoints, and thus the industry as a whole. Once reserved for business individuals and upper income demographics, the cellular phone is no longer looked upon as a luxury or business item. Consumers see it as a necessity. Cellular telephone market penetration in the United Kingdom has reached the point where cellular phone ownership exceeds 100% of the country’s total population (cellular news, 2004). The industry’s biggest complaint is high per minute and monthly service charge rates. The per rate calling cost tariffs for ‘anytime minutes, mont hly call allotment and pay as you go plans’ differ widely, thus the plan programs tend to be misleading and costly. Table 1 – Monthly Calling rates in the United Kingdom * (Vodafone, 2005) ** (Orange, 2005) *** (One2One, 2005) **** (BT,2005) The above Table indicates the variance between companies for the same basic monthly plans and how longer term contracts result in lower monthly cost per call. The complexity arises when one attempts to calculate the calling time per minute within these plans and the variables attached. As a point of reference the following is a comparison of rate plans on a pay as you go basis: Table 2 – Pay As You Go in the United Kingdom * (Vodafone, 2005) ** (Orange, 2005) *** (One2One, 2005) **** (easymobile, 2005) The advantage of the ‘pay-as-you-go’ plans is that there is the lack of a contractual commitment for a monthly charge, thus depending upon which company you select the rates are slightly more per call. EasyMobile’s promise to slash rates seems to offer British consumers with a viable choice to the a 15p across the board rate that is the calling rate for the monthly plans. While the Virgin Mobile web site for the United Kingdom is not finished, information was obtained that indicates that the proposed ‘pay-as-you-go’ rates should wind up being 15p for the first 5 minutes of calls on a daily basis, and then rolling down to 5p thereafter for all calls made to standard United Kingdom locations as well as other Virgin phones. Calling other mobile networks will cost 35p (Wikipedia, 2005). In the instance of both the monthly plans and the Pay-As-You-Go plans, customers are required to purchase their phone at a cost ranging from  £50 on up. There are also the free phone offers that carry contract minimums of varied prices. The British mobile phone market is highly competitive as well as being a mature market. According to Porter’s (1998) generic strategies, firms fall into two broad categories: firms that utilize an advantage in cost, and firms that use differentiation as a means to establish a difference between themselves and their competitors. The mature and established nature of the British mobile phone market sees companies such as easyMobile, Virgin Mobile and Fresh committed to stealing market share from the big four, Vodafone, Orange, One2One and BT through the utilization of slashing costs to achieve gains in market share. The four major UK mobile phone companies also offer a broad array of services and phone types along with the varied plans to go with them. These services, such as video calling, Internet access, text messaging, along with phones that provide camera and streaming capabilities plus a host of features are designed to reap higher profit margins. The determining factor is price and the big four companies while cognizant of this aspect (price) are focusing on promoting the service and phone features as their major marketing push, along with the advantages of inter-service calling (same network). These services appeal to young adults, professionals and companies where the monthly costs or image fit their lifestyles. But, there are segments of the market where the costs of mobile phones has become a budgetary concern along with those whose credit does not qualify for monthly rates. These groups represent a sizeable share of the market and this is where the low cost providers are seeking to wrest market share away as well as take advantage of the tremendous growth potential in this segment of the market. Prepaid Market Segment The UK cellular phone market, much like those in other countries, has penetration limits in garnering consumers as there are segments of the population whose credit ratings did not and do not qualify them for the service contracts. This reality was recognized by cellular providers and the prepaid segment has been the number one driving force in the growth of the United Kingdom cellular market over the past 5 years. In 1998 Vodafone gained 300,000 new subscribers of which 127,000 joined using the Pay-As-You-Talk plan, or 42% (silicon, 2003). Similarly, Cellnet garnered 80,000 new customers for its Easylife pre-pay plan (silicon, 2003). And while the pay-as-you-go customer represents the least profitable base for cellular phone companies, their numbers and the marketing opportunities they represent in service trade up as well as increased usage makes them important as a group. The four major UK mobile phone providers have recently indicated their willingness to forgo utilizing low price leaders such as pay-as-you-go plans to attract new subscribers. The maturing of the cellular phone market has caused companies to look at profitability and to switch marketing emphasis on profitability per subscriber (BBC News, 2001). This was prompted by a study that showed a high percentage of pay-as-you-go customers were not regularly using their phones. The companies indicated that the marketing and sign up costs for this customer category was consuming a high budgetary percentage, thus the reason for the decreased emphasis (BBC News, 2001). The average prepaid customer brings in just one fourth of the revenue the monthly subscribers generate ((BBC News, 2001) thus the shift from attracting more prepaid customers to retention and upgrade as these customers are already a part of the marketing data base and the cost to increase revenues from this classification is far les s. The following will offer and analysis of the prepaid cellular segment: Age An Accenture survey conducted in 2002 found that fully 73% of children from 10 to 17 used mobile phones. It is interesting to note that the majority of these respondents believed that ‘gaming’ represented a major phone function with 91% describing the games as either poor or just average. Thus, age does represent a significant aspect as these children grow into teenagers and young adults. Cultivation of this market is deemed as being able to yield more benefits in terms of future subscribers familiar with cellular use and thus higher revenues per subscriber than the general prepaid profile. Other Not all prepaid customers are either young or in the upper age brackets. There are a number of valid potential future revenue generating customers within this segment who are either on current prepaid plans as well as those who have not yet taken on a mobile phone. In many instances a change of circumstances would represent a different usage pattern (analysis.com, 2002), : Budget Consumer This classification can take in many differing profiles. From those consumers who either see the mobile phone as a convenience, rather than as a daily phone tool, as well as consumers who just do not utilize the phone for personal or other calls. The budget conscious look to actively limit or manage their mobile phone usage to keep the cost of ownership in a defined pre-set budget range. Fixed Income Individuals on disability, unemployment or in retirement represent subscribers on limited incomes. In some instances, such as retired or some fixed income, the circumstances will not change. However, eliminating potential subscribers on the basis of theoretical potentials in such a highly competitive market could overlook the radiation power these people represent in terms of word of mouth possibilities. Low Income Individuals occupying the lower demographic profiles do not have the income to spend on either a mobile phone or excessive usage. The limitations of income keep this group in the low revenue classification. Changes in circumstances, the economy or other reasons could affect income and thus a change in usage patterns. Bargain Shoppers The demographics of this group spans basically all income classifications in varied percentages. They represent bargain shoppers who look for the best rates and their usage patterns can varying widely Limited Use The groups within this category can range from the average UK citizen in any demographic profile to individuals with multiple residences, or people who regularly travel between the United Kingdom and another country. The preceding summary illustrates that although the prepaid market has been classified by the major four mobile companies as a low revenue generator, there are significant revenue potentials within this group that can not be qualified, yet are there. Chapter 4 – Market Entry Strategies The preceding analysis of the British mobile phone market, along with a review of the four major companies within that field has uncovered the reasons as well as rationales for the existence of the huge pre-paid market within their subscriber base. And while the opportunities for further penetration of the market are limited, the opportunities within the mobile industry sector are definitely there. In addition to the continued entry into the market of teenagers coming of age, the existing cellular and non-cellular prepaid market offers definitive growth and profit opportunities for a firm that grasps the subtle nuances in the market and crafts approaches, pricing plans and marketing efforts to reap the rewards. In order to equate entry into this market, an examination of the management and related methodologies will precede the marketing campaign strategies. 2.1 Management and Strategic Methodologies Porter’s (1998) generic strategies indicates that firms fall into two categories, the ones that have an advantage in cost and the ones that use the principle of differentiation. Adherence to this understanding means that a firm will thereby recognize its strength and thus concentrate efforts to maximizing this effect. The opportunities in the prepaid cellular market’s lies in ‘cost leadership’ as the driving marketing foundation. David (2004) concurs with Porter’s (1998) assessment in advising companies to â€Å"’Establish Company Direction’ David (2004) indicates that this be accomplished through the development of a company vision, the setting of objectives to be achieved and attained. In addition he mentions crafting a strategy that seeks the opportunities inherent within a market and then devising consumer driven rationales to formulate a strategy to achieve these goals. Arnold’s (2003) â€Å"modes of Market Entry’ delves further into the theories raised by Porter (1998) and David (2004) and states that â€Å"The central managerial trade-off between the alternative modes of market entry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  winds up being â€Å"†¦risk and control†. He goes on to add that when one minimizes risk that company is seeking a â€Å"†¦ low intensity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  David (2004) mode of entry. This means that the company will select the safer courses of action which also do not require the depth of commitment by management to map out the detailed corresponding course of action to maximum success. The deeper a company delves into the nuances of the market and competitive approaches, the more skills on the part of the company are required to be worked into the system to handle these demands. These are the places or segments that the major firms are either ignoring, divesting themselves of or have deemed unprofitable. In reality these are the segments of the market that require more attention to detail and closer monitoring to exact opportunities as they present themselves, or via cultivation whereby the consumer is reached with compelling reasons to increase their expenditure. As illustrated by the varied classifications of prepaid subscribers as well as non-subscribers the opportunities exist to wrest profits in the exercise of Wal-Mart like efficient operations and economy of scale modes. Wal-Mart’s retailing example paved the way for a low cost market position to be the road to high market share and thus the resulting economies of scale. By minimizing costs a firm can generate profits from a low margin via operations and systems that cater to and serve consumer needs. The preceding is at the core of David’s (2004) market entry concepts. A firm must equate the degree of risk, and competence it brings to a particular market opportunity in recognition of the capabilities and resourc es of competitive firms, and thus craft a strategy that takes advantage of nuances as well as quarks within the market that have either been missed or deemed unprofitable. Johnson et al (2001) indicates that putting the firm’s strategy into action requires a company to organize itself for success. Exactly the points made by David’s (2004) market entry topics. Every industry leader has devised systems, administrative functions and overall operations to be sensitive to all developments, consumer trends, market opportunities and unexploited areas to dominate their industry group. Microsoft, Mercedes Benz, Wal-Mart, Dyson and others have done this, paid attention to the smallest of details and then exploited them in the marketplace. Marketing Campaign Strategies Given the cellular phone penetration rate in the United Kingdom, whereby 9 out of 10 people use the services of a mobile phone (BBC News, 2005), a wholesale attack on the market taking on established as well as known companies represents a frontal attack on fortified ground. A glorious charge, but prone to the cost of either failure or dismal results. Well-entrenched competitors also have ground to defend within their fiefdoms and attrition can occur by seeking out the disenfranchised as well as defectors and cast offs. The major four mobile companies have indicated their focus on profitable subscriber segments thus devoting fewer resources to the attraction of prepaid subscribers. This opens the door to cultivate new market entrants from the teenage classification as they mature each year, as well as the: Budget Consumer Fixed Income Low Income Bargain Shoppers Limited Use, segments which represent low profit generation groups, but in meaningful enough numbers whereby economies of scale can be employed. This so called ‘discount’ side of the market is not without its difficulties in that lower margin generating subscribers still expect first class service. And this all has to be accomplished using rates that compete with and beat those of easyMobile, Virgin Mobile and other firms concentrating on the prepaid market segment as a means to either growth or opportunity. Market Entry Strategies With the internal administrative functions and systems in place, or planned the company can execute is strategies for market entry. The following maps out the steps in sequencing of accomplishment of the foregoing: Planning Internal Implementation External Linkages Marketing Strategies Service The applications and areas of concentration with respect to the preceding, are as follows: Planning Arnold (2003) , Johnson et al (2001) and David (2004) all illustrated the importance of focusing on the goals and objectives and then planning out the steps leading to market entry. This entails management examining, questioning and devising systems and functions that will be needed to respond to the demands of the business being taken on. In the case of the entry into the British mobile market the state of market maturity and saturation along with established operators in a cost competitive market, the only viable market segments open are the marginal profit base profiles. The major mobile companies did not plan for or implement their operations to handle this type of business from the onset, thus their operational models are not profitable at that end. The utilization as well as concentration on subscriber profitability through new and added services as well as more features in handsets represents their commitment to trade up marketing for growth in a saturated market. As a result the lower profitability subscribers are offered basic services at a higher rate. Through planning to wrest profits from this group via a Wal-Mart type of approach from the onset, builds an organization to fit the marketing realities. Internal Implementation Once the planning concerning systems and functions has been completed and tested it needs to be implemented internally as a working environment. Incentives based upon identifying and lowering internal operational costs while maintaining high service levels are management tools to solicit the cooperation and commitment of managers and employees. External Linkages Outside services and equipment needs such as network costs need to be put in place. The most important aspect of this segment are utilization contracts where when certain numbers are achieved, costs are reduced. This provides built in profit incentives that management as well as the organization must set as goals, thus driving growth. Marketing Strategies Low cost market leader! Porter’s (1998) generic strategies identified this as a prime component along with differentiation. This is the opportunity that exists in the prepaid segment of the UK market which stands in excess of 50% of all subscribers. This market segment has driven subscription rates over the past five years and will continue to do so as consumers modify their cellular phone costs as well as enter the market from non-user categories such as teenagers. While the profitability quotient is lower there are rewards that exist after establishment of quality service at these rates. Much of what consumer seek entails the level of quality received per monetary outlay. As the retail price of computer hardware spiraled downward, Dell managed to garner huge market share through cost cutting direct delivery systems that enabled them to reduce stocking and return costs as well as implement higher levels of just in time delivery to reduce internal operating costs. This low pri ce quality service and product approach became the operative model for an industry faced with saturation, lower retail costs and internal margins. The comparative costs in the prepaid market indicate that the average industry rate hovers in the 15p range. Table 2 – Pay As You Go in the United Kingdom Company Rate Phone Answer Minimum Charge Landlines Other Networks Vodafone* 10p 10p 30p 35p to 40p Orange** 10p 5p 20p 40p One2One*** Offers Flat Rate Based on Calling Card Up to  £10

Essay on the Rival Poet from Shakespeares Sonnets -- Sonnet essays

Identifying of the Rival Poet from Shakespeare's Sonnets One of the intriguing aspects of Shakespeare's Sonnets is the identity of the principal characters within them, the Young Man, the Dark Lady, and the Rival Poet. Nowhere are these people explicitly identified and their anonymity has spawned much debate as to who these people could have been. The content of the Sonnets that refer to these people however, undoubtedly show that these were indeed real people. The Rival Poet was the cause of obvious anxiety to Shakespeare. A poet depended on patronage to finance the publication of his works so a rival presents a real threat of loss of income through loss of patronage as well as the professional and personal feelings of rejection, loss of esteem and a competitor being seen to gain favour instead of oneself. The sonnets that refer to the Rival Poet appear to contain sufficient data to enable the rival to be identified: The Rival Poet who writes verse is first mentioned in Sonnet 21: "So is it not with me as with that muse Stirred by a painted beauty to his verse" and goes on to say: "Making a couplement of proud compare" This part of the sonnet is open to several interpretations but it may be explicitly referring to George Chapman's use of English couplet rhymes in his epic translation of Homer's Odysseys: "The Gods in council sit, to call Ulysses from Calypso's thrall, And order their high pleasures thus: Grey Pallas to Telemachus (In Ithaca) her way addrest; And did her heavenly limbs invest..." The heavenly subject matter of Chapman's verse would appear to correlate with Sonnet 21's: "Who heaven itself for ornament doth use" The fin... ...f the Sonnets, there was a group of poets called The School of Night, also called The School of Atheisme in a 1592 reference, that was led by Raleigh and included Marlowe and Chapman. This group is apparently parodied in Love's Labours Lost: King: "Black is the badge of hell, The hue of dungeons and the school of night And beauty’s crest becomes the heavens well." Chapman also wrote a verse named The Shadow of Night whose title and subject matter fits in well with Chapman's involvement with this group. Finally, George Chapman did write verse dedicated to the Earl of Southampton who was also Shakespeare's patron. Although the identity of the Rival Poet is not conclusive, the material within the Rival Poet sonnets and the contemporary activity of George Chapman does, in my view, converge to point to George Chapman being the man.

Mind and Body Essay -- science

Mind and Body Much of the intellectual history of psychology has involved the attempt to come to grips with the problem of mind and body and how they interact. While the philosophical distinction between mind and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is due to the influential work of Renà © Descartes, (written around the 1630’s) that we owe the first systematic account of the mind/body relationship. When Descartes' friend and frequent correspondent, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileo's fate at the hands of the Inquisition, Descartes immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the world's first extended essay on physiological psychology was published only well after its author's death. In this essay, he proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in response to external events. According to his proposal, external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils, which in turn displace the central ends. As the central ends are displaced, the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves. This is the reason he has been credited with the founding of the reflex theory. Descarte was the first to talk about mind/body interactions, and thus had a great influence in later psychologists and thinkers. He proposed that not only body can influence mind, but that mind could also affect body. Years later, the work of Nicolas Malebranche was probably the most influential provider of occasionalism. Occasionalism deals with the contradiction that if the nature of causality is such that causes and effects must have a necessary connection and be of a similar type, then mind/body interactionism is unsound. He argued that both of Descartes' substances, mind and body, are causally ineffective. His belief was that G’d is the one and only true cause. There is no influence of mind on body or of body on mind. â€Å"In order to retain the notion of God as the one true cause without sacrificing the idea of causality as operative in both the mental and the physical spheres, Benedictus de Spinoza abandoned Descartes' two-substance view in favor of what has come to be called double-aspect theory.† Double-aspect theories are based on the notion that the mental and the physical are simply different aspects of one and the same substance. Nonetheless, he agreed with De... ...ssembled a theory of moral development. The theory is based on standards of moral judgement. According to Piaget these cognitive abilities develop only as the child progresses through developmental stages. Kohlberg’s theory is too divided into stages. He proposed three major levels of moral reasoning, or development. According to Kohlberg, his three stages occur in that same order in all cultures. Development is closely related to socialization, because as we have discussed earlier, nurture, or the environment plays a major role in the development of an individual. Socialization the perceptual â€Å"process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives to conform to those regardless as desirable in a particular society.† Sexuality is closely related to socialization. Psychologists differ in their approaches towards development because the view it from distinct points of view. Piaget, for example, proposed a theory of the cognitive development of children, while Erikson proposed a theory based on the psychosocial development of individuals. Although Kohlberg based his theory on Piaget’s, his theory focused on moral reasoning.